{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:36:56Z","timestamp":1787506616835,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fish gills serve as critical immune interfaces against aquatic pathogens, yet their leukocyte heterogeneity in response to parasitic infections remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Single-cell RNA sequencing was employed to elucidate leukocyte responses in the gills of\n                      <jats:italic>Larimichthys crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      during\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptocaryon irritans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 13,070 leukocytes from the gills under steady-state and infected conditions were profiled and classified into eight principal lineages: T cells (&amp;gt; 70% of total immune cells), ILC2-like cells, NK-like cells, neutrophils,\n                      <jats:italic>cpa5<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      granulocytes, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Following infection, T cell subsets exhibited distinct responses: Regulatory T cells expanded and demonstrated immunoregulatory capacity; CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells exhibited cytotoxic responses; CD4\n                      <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD8\n                      <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells displayed Th17-like functions; and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells showed Th2-like activity. ILC2-like cells significantly increased in abundance and upregulated type 2 cytokine expression, whereas cytotoxic NK-like cells enhanced chemokine signaling and cytotoxicity. Neutrophils increased in number and oxidative activity, while\n                      <jats:italic>cpa5<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      granulocytes highlighted immunomodulatory functions. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells exhibited compartmentalized activation states, upregulating gene modules associated with pathogen recognition, antigen processing\/presentation, chemotactic activity, and antibody defenses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings describe a multi-layered immune cell defense strategy in the gills of teleosts against parasitic infection, showing conserved and fish-specific adaptations. Understanding gill immunity provides viable targets for enhancing parasite resistance in aquaculture, such as modulating ILC2\/Treg pathways to prevent infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T04:10:38Z","timestamp":1754021438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single-cell transcriptomics unveils leukocyte heterogeneity in the gills of Larimichthys crocea in response to parasitic 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