{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:17:55Z","timestamp":1788841075630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding the impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure has significant public health implications. However, the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on immune modulation and cancer progression remain contentious. This study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic low-dose gamma radiation on mammary tumorigenesis and immune homeostasis using a transgenic mouse model. Female MMTV-neu transgenic mice were exposed to continuous whole-body\n                    <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                    Co gamma radiation over a period of 56 days, thereby receiving cumulative absorbed doses of 10, 100 and 2,000 mGy. Mice were analyzed at 3.5, 6 and 8 months of age for changes in immune cell composition and function, as well as tumor development. We found that mice exposed to LDR exhibited transient increases in NK cell frequency, along with improved IFN-\u03b3 production following\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation. Notably, the expression of NKG2D on NK cells was upregulated following LDR exposure. Low-dose radiation also modulated inflammatory cytokine profiles and immune cell populations, such as macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Despite these immune changes, the overall impact on tumorigenesis was minimal. Although our data indicated that the LDR treatment did not impact survival and cancer progression, the observed results of NK cell proportion, activation and function provide evidence of the stimulatory effects of LDR on NK cells. These findings aim to contribute to health risk assessments and advise radiation protection regulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T06:23:20Z","timestamp":1762151000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of low-dose gamma radiation on immune modulation in a mouse model of spontaneous mammary gland tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abrar Ul Haq","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Blimkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hyeon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181ddd571","article-title":"Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management","volume":"103","author":"Donnelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2011.06.001","article-title":"Radiobiology of the acute radiation syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Maci\u00e0 I Garau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiotherapy"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61167-9","article-title":"Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health","volume":"386","author":"Kamiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Leveraging advances in modern science to revitalize low-dose radiation research in the United States","year":"2022"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Radiation risk in perspective","volume-title":"Position Statement of the Health Physics Society McLean","author":"Burk","year":"2004"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"5","article-title":"Historical development of the linear nonthreshold dose-response model as applied to radiation","volume":"1","author":"Kathren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pierce L Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.01.004","article-title":"Hormesis and epigenetics: is there a link","volume":"10","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559325817697531","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325817697531","article-title":"Treatment of cancer and inflammation with low-dose ionizing radiation: three case reports","volume":"15","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-014-0250-x","article-title":"Radiation-hormesis phenotypes, the related mechanisms and implications for disease prevention and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559325818796331","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325818796331","article-title":"Health impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation: current scientific debates and regulatory issues","volume":"16","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147303","article-title":"Effects of chronic low-dose internal radiation on immune-stimulatory responses in mice","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106212","article-title":"Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system","volume":"149","author":"Lumniczky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15059.1","article-title":"The role of Nrf2 in the response to normal tissue radiation injury","volume":"190","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235592100","article-title":"Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know","volume":"100","author":"Brenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000902883836","article-title":"Ionising radiation and cancer risks: what have we learned from epidemiology","volume":"85","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2021.503436","article-title":"Cancer risk following low doses of ionising radiation\u2013Current epidemiological evidence and implications for radiological protection","volume":"873","author":"R\u00fchm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mutat Research\/Genetic Toxicol Environ Mutagenesis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074520","article-title":"Cancer mortality after low dose exposure to ionising radiation in workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS): cohort study","volume":"382","author":"Richardson","year":"2023","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaa010","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: summary bias assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Hauptmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNCI Monographs"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear nonthreshold model and radiation protection","year":"2018"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-035.Fornalski","article-title":"The cancer mortality in high natural radiation areas in Poland","volume":"10","author":"Fornalski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559325816640073","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325816640073","article-title":"Treatment of alzheimer disease with CT scans: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Cuttler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.06-105.Chen","article-title":"Effects of cobalt-60 exposure on health of Taiwan residents suggest new approach needed in radiation protection","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-027.Scott","article-title":"Residential radon appears to prevent lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.10-026.Thompson","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for possible radiation hormesis from radon exposure: A case-control study conducted in Worcester, MA","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"39","article-title":"The health effects of low-dose ionizing radiation","volume":"13","author":"Luckey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Physicians Surgeons"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.08-024.Cuttler","article-title":"Nuclear energy and health: and the benefits of low-dose radiation hormesis","volume":"7","author":"Cuttler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.02.015","article-title":"Biological stress response terminology: integrating the concepts of adaptive response and preconditioning stress within a hormetic dose\u2013response framework","volume":"222","author":"Calabrese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.45.357","article-title":"Oxidative stress, radiation-adaptive responses, and aging","volume":"45","author":"Miura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3580211","article-title":"The suppression of metastases and the change in host immune response after low-dose total-body irradiation in tumor-bearing rats","volume":"151","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-4117.2003.01093.x","article-title":"Low-dose total body irradiation augments the therapeutic effect of interleukin-2 in a mouse model for metastatic Malignant melanoma","volume":"3","author":"Safwat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Ther Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3123","article-title":"Single low doses of X rays inhibit the development of experimental tumor metastases and trigger the activities of NK cells in mice","volume":"161","author":"Cheda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0003","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy reverses tumor immune desertification and resistance to immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Herrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer discovery"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051126","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-tumor effects of whole-body low-dose irradiation in metastatic mouse models","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101710","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy effects the progression of anti-tumor response","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2014.1702","article-title":"Low-dose ionizing radiation induces direct activation of natural killer cells and provides a novel approach for adoptive cellular immunotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Biotherapy Radiopharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrs037","article-title":"Augmentation of natural cytotoxicity by chronic low-dose ionizing radiation in murine natural killer cells primed by IL-2","volume":"53","author":"Sonn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1514","article-title":"Low doses of ionizing radiation induce immune-stimulatory responses in isolated human primary monocytes","volume":"32","author":"El-Saghire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12344","article-title":"Low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation up to 2 Gy modulate transmigration and chemotaxis of activated macrophages, provoke an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, but do not impact upon viability and phagocytic function","volume":"179","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLR.2008.020977","article-title":"The enhancement of Th1 immunity and the suppression of tumor growth by low-dose \u03b3-radiation","volume":"5","author":"Hayase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Low Radiation"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr167","article-title":"A review of some epidemiological studies on cancer risk from low-dose radiation or other carcinogenic agents","volume":"146","author":"Ogata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Prot dosimetry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaa017","article-title":"Effects of low dose radiation on immune cells subsets and cytokines in mice","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559325818824200","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325818824200","article-title":"The linear no-threshold model of low-dose radiogenic cancer: a failed fiction","volume":"17","author":"Pennington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.11.020","article-title":"The linear no-threshold (LNT) dose response model: a comprehensive assessment of its historical and scientific foundations","volume":"301","author":"Calabrese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemico-Biological Interactions"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1530","article-title":"Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Fantozzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90184-5","article-title":"Single-step induction of mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice bearing the activated c-neu oncogene","volume":"54","author":"Muller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im2009s82","article-title":"ErbB2 transgenic mice: a tool for investigation of the immune prevention and treatment of mammary carcinomas","author":"Quaglino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00065-5","article-title":"Lineage commitment in lymphopoiesis","volume":"12","author":"Busslinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646837","article-title":"CD69: from activation marker to metabolic gatekeeper","volume":"47","author":"Cibri\u00e1n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.8.2767.420k26_2767_2777","article-title":"Signaling through CD43 induces natural killer cell activation, chemokine release, and PYK-2 activation","volume":"94","author":"Nieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood J Am Soc Hematology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175517","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2175517","article-title":"CD25bright NK cells display superior function and metabolic activity under regulatory T cell-mediated suppression","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01071-4","article-title":"The TNF\u03b1\/TNFR2 axis mediates natural killer cell proliferation by promoting aerobic glycolysis","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00441","article-title":"NKG2D: a master regulator of immune cell responsiveness","volume":"9","author":"Wensveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88963-745-4","article-title":"Emerging concepts on the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis in health and diseases","volume":"11","author":"Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800267-4.00003-1","article-title":"Recognition of tumors by the innate immune system and natural killer cells","volume":"122","author":"Marcus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1199","article-title":"Roles of the NKG2D immunoreceptor and its ligands","volume":"3","author":"Raulet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22012","article-title":"A novel Ly6C\/Ly6G-based strategy to analyze the mouse splenic myeloid compartment","volume":"81","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0705.1","article-title":"Reduction of background mutations by low-dose X irradiation of Drosophila spermatocytes at a low dose rate","volume":"167","author":"Koana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2160.1","article-title":"Effects of low-dose radiation on the immune system of mice after total-body irradiation","volume":"174","author":"Bogd\u00e1ndi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2977.1","article-title":"Prolongation of life span in the accelerated aging klotho mouse model, by low-dose-rate continuous gamma irradiation","volume":"179","author":"Nomura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1007.1","article-title":"Effect of continuous irradiation with a very low dose of gamma rays on life span and the immune system in SJL mice prone to B-cell lymphoma","volume":"168","author":"Lacoste-Collin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1068461","article-title":"Analysis of immune cell populations and cytokine profiles in murine splenocytes exposed to whole-body low-dose irradiation","volume":"91","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.05.121","article-title":"Alteration of cytokine profiles in mice exposed to chronic low-dose ionizing radiation","volume":"397","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2007.02.009","article-title":"Augmentation of innate immunity by low-dose irradiation","volume":"244","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2987-5","article-title":"Adaptive responses to low doses of radiation or chemicals: their cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"76","author":"Gu\u00e9guen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923978909005381","article-title":"Effects of X-ray irradiation on natural killer (NK) cell system. L elevation of sensitivity of tumor cells and lytic function of NK cells","volume":"11","author":"Uchida","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol immunotoxicology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2307\/3577701","article-title":"Radiosensitivity of human natural killer cells: binding and cytotoxic activities of natural killer cell subsets","volume":"124","author":"Rana","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.12-018.Nowosielska","article-title":"Effect of low doses of low-let radiation on the innate anti-tumor reactions in radioresistant and radiosensitive mice","volume":"10","author":"Nowosielska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.45.33","article-title":"Low dose gamma-rays activate immune functions via induction of glutathione and delay tumor growth","volume":"45","author":"Kojima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.01.037","article-title":"Tumour burden and interleukin-2 dose affect the interaction between low-dose total body irradiation and interleukin 2","volume":"40","author":"Safwat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1306534","article-title":"Combined use of NK cells and radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03884","article-title":"The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor","volume":"436","author":"Gasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rry005","article-title":"The combination of ionizing radiation and proteasomal inhibition by bortezomib enhances the expression of NKG2D ligands in multiple myeloma cells","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095951","article-title":"Regulation of ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor","volume":"31","author":"Raulet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-0918","article-title":"Altered NKG2D function in NK cells induced by chronic exposure to NKG2D ligand\u2013expressing tumor cells","volume":"106","author":"Coudert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2006.56","article-title":"Increase of NKG2D ligands and sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity of tumor cells by heat shock and ionizing radiation","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.01.026","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces ROS mediated induction of NKG2D ligands in human cancer cell lines and enhances susceptibility to NK cell mediated lysis","volume":"126","author":"Amin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2918","article-title":"Radiation-induced matrix metalloproteinases limit natural killer cell-mediated anticancer immunity in NCI-H23 lung cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00874","article-title":"Immunomodulation of NK cells by ionizing radiation","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201528","article-title":"Cutting edge: a novel mechanism bridging innate and adaptive immunity: IL-12 induction of CD25 to form high-affinity IL-2 receptors on NK cells","volume":"189","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.04.010","article-title":"Modulation of inflammation by low and high doses of ionizing radiation: implications for benign and Malign diseases","volume":"368","author":"Frey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer letters"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800099866","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory immune reactions by low-dose ionizing radiation: molecular mechanisms and clinical application","volume":"19","author":"Rodel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr medicinal Chem"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-018-9777-0","article-title":"Radiation, inflammation and the immune response in cancer","volume":"29","author":"McKelvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.10.009","article-title":"Polarization of macrophages towards M1 phenotype by a combination of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and radiation: implications for tumor therapy","volume":"221","author":"Farooque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.09.014","article-title":"Low-dose irradiation programs macrophage differentiation to an iNOS+\/M1 phenotype that orchestrates effective T cell immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Klug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.01.041","article-title":"Macrophages from irradiated tumors express higher levels of iNOS, arginase-I and COX-2, and promote tumor growth","volume":"68","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Physics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00234","article-title":"Cancer risk of low dose ionizing radiation","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physics"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.292","article-title":"Breast cancer risk and protracted low-to-moderate dose occupational radiation exposure in the US Radiologic Technologists Cohort, 1983\u20132008","volume":"115","author":"Preston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J cancer"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgaa009","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: rationale and framework for the monograph and overview of eligible studies","volume":"2020","author":"Berrington de Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNCI Monographs"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15094.1","article-title":"Prominent dose-rate effect and its age dependence of rat mammary carcinogenesis induced by continuous gamma-ray exposure","volume":"191","author":"Imaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577031","article-title":"Radiation carcinogenesis: time-dose relationships","volume":"111","author":"Ullrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1451048","article-title":"Experimental studies on the biological effects of chronic low dose-rate radiation exposure in mice: overview of the studies at the Institute for Environmental Sciences","volume":"94","author":"Braga-Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2511080671","article-title":"The linear no-threshold relationship is inconsistent with radiation biologic and experimental data","volume":"251","author":"Tubiana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2024.2442690","article-title":"An examination of the dose rate effect in mice assuming that the carcinogenic effect of radiation is life shortening resulting from a tissue reaction","volume":"101","author":"Nakamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2016.1186301","article-title":"The role of dose rate in radiation cancer risk: evaluating the effect of dose rate at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels using key events in critical pathways following exposure to low LET radiation","volume":"92","author":"Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13884.1","article-title":"Relative effectiveness at 1 gy after acute and fractionated exposures of heavy ions with different linear energy transfer for lung tumorigenesis","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60893-8","article-title":"Immunogenicity of rat-neu+ mouse mammary tumours determines the T cell-dependent therapeutic efficacy of anti-neu monoclonal antibody treatment","volume":"10","author":"Sow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28330","article-title":"Resistance of MMTV-NeuT\/ATTAC mice to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint therapy is associated with macrophage infiltration and Wnt pathway expression","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B98","article-title":"Radiation Protection of Patients (RPOP)","volume-title":"Mammography screening","year":"2017"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.07.002","article-title":"Breast cancer epidemiology, prevention, and screening","volume":"151","author":"Winters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Trans science"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad075","article-title":"Ionizing radiation and solid cancer mortality among US nuclear facility workers","volume":"52","author":"Kelly-Reif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635779\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T06:23:22Z","timestamp":1762151002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635779\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635779","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"article-number":"1635779"}}