{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:16:07Z","timestamp":1787026567652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015995","name":"Nord universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Metanophrys<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. (Scuticociliatida) has recently emerged as a significant parasitic threat in large yellow croaker (\n                    <jats:italic>Larimichthys crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) aquaculture. To elucidate the host response, we conducted an experimental infection followed by an integrated analysis combining immune enzymatic profiling and transcriptome sequencing. Antioxidant and immune enzyme activities, including SOD, CAT, and MDA in the skin, gill, and liver, and LYZ and Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -ATPase in the skin and gill were monitored from 0 to 72 hours post-infection (hpi). The results revealed tissue- and time-specific significant changes, indicating increased oxidative stress and activation of compensatory antioxidant and mucosal immune defenses. At the resolution phase of infection (72 hpi), dorsal skin tissue was subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), identifying 6,360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 3,164 upregulated and 2,702 downregulated transcripts. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed strong activation of key immune signaling pathways, such as\n                    <jats:italic>NOD-like receptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-17<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>chemokine<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor interaction<\/jats:italic>\n                    , alongside metabolic reprogramming involving\n                    <jats:italic>oxidative phosphorylation<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>lipid metabolism<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Inflammatory mediators associated with IL-17 signaling, including\n                    <jats:italic>cox2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cxcl8, mmp9<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>hsp90<\/jats:italic>\n                    , together with chemokine-related effectors such as\n                    <jats:italic>akt, raf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>rhoA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly upregulated, suggesting strong mucosal inflammation and thrombocyte involvement, functionally analogous to the platelet-activation pathway in mammals. Notably, immunometabolic convergence was evidenced by co-upregulation of genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>il1b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>il6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cxcl8<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>mmp9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pnpla2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>foxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reflecting the simultaneous activation of inflammatory and metabolic regulatory programs during host defense. Swiss-Prot annotations confirmed the conserved functional roles of these genes in cytokine signaling, energy mobilization, and tissue protection. qPCR validation of 12 representative genes showed strong concordance with the RNA-seq expression profile (\n                    <jats:italic>R\u00b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.98). Together, these findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                    mounts a temporally coordinated immunometabolic response to\n                    <jats:italic>Metanophrys<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp., providing mechanistic insights into mucosal defense and offering candidate biomarkers for targeted disease management in marine aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1636453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:39:31Z","timestamp":1752644371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integrated transcriptomic and immune enzymatic analyses uncover coordinated immunometabolic responses in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) to Metanophrys sp. infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruiling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangshuai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Galindo-Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2024 \u2013 Blue Transformation in action","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12742","article-title":"A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia","volume":"15","author":"Shinn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Aqua"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2019.106565","article-title":"Further analyses on the phylogeny of the subclass Scuticociliatia (Protozoa, Ciliophora) based on both nuclear and mitochondrial data","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.11.015","article-title":"Reprint of \u201cFish immunity to scuticociliate parasites","volume":"43","author":"Piazzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5601.2011.02.012","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of a ciliate endoparasitic in the Large Yellow Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fujian Fish"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14012\/j.cnki.fjsc.2023.06.001","article-title":"Pathological analysis of scuticociliatosis in indoor recirculating aquaculture of large yellow croaker","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fish Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-4331.2023.04.001","article-title":"Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of scuticociliate on large yellow croaker","volume":"45","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fujian J Anim Husb Vet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080618","article-title":"Miamiensis avidus, a novel scuticociliate pathogen isolated and identified from cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062233","article-title":"Occurrence of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by Phiasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida)","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13248","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and virulence of Mesanophrys sp. 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