{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:34:36Z","timestamp":1790793276407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major chronic liver disease increasingly linked to endocrine and immunometabolic dysregulation. Hypothyroidism, both overt and subclinical, has emerged as a significant endocrine risk factor for MAFLD. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, a hallmark of fibrosis, represents a crucial but underexplored mediator in this process. This review highlights how altered thyroid hormone (TH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) signaling promote ECM remodeling through metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrogenic pathways, with emphasis on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and immune reshaping. We further summarize ECM-derived biomarkers and emerging therapeutic strategies, including THR\u03b2 agonists and ECM-targeted approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T05:30:23Z","timestamp":1759469423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["ECM remodeling in hypothyroidism-associated MAFLD: mechanisms, clinical relevance, and therapeutic targets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tianzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beiying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae007","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from clinical to pathological characteristics: a multi-center cross-sectional study in real world","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postgraduate Med J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2022.118594","article-title":"Association between hypothyroidism and liver fibrosis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Rahadini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-2006-2","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"57","author":"Pagadala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200310000-00014","article-title":"Is hypothyroidism a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"37","author":"Liangpunsakul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028753","article-title":"Thyroid function within the normal range, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the risk of atrial fibrillation","volume":"136","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0257","article-title":"Association between primary hypothyroidism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Mantovani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(01)00048-5","article-title":"Modulation of rat liver mitochondrial antioxidant defence system by thyroid hormone","volume":"1537","author":"Das","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.08.001","article-title":"NAFLD and thyroid function: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations","volume":"33","author":"Hatziagelaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167205","article-title":"Procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 promotes collagen cross-linking and ECM stiffening to induce liver fibrosis","volume":"1870","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5697","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Arriazu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0621","article-title":"Thyroid hormone decreases hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a dietary mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.10.026","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in development and morphogenesis: a dynamic view","volume":"341","author":"Rozario","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15776","article-title":"A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix","volume":"288","author":"Karamanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"load021","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/load021","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodelling in obesity and metabolic disorders","volume":"2","author":"Musale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.05.007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis","volume":"121","author":"Higashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advanced Drug delivery Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13665","article-title":"Extracellular matrix components indicate remodelling activity in different fibrosis stages of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"73","author":"Munsterman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3904","article-title":"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease","volume":"15","author":"Bonnans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02113-1","article-title":"High matrix stiffness accelerates migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the integrin \u03b21-Plectin-F-actin axis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J hepatology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332491","article-title":"Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Mantovani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-021-00254-z","article-title":"Targeting programmed cell death in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): a promising new therapy","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32511-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"397","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.16.5804","article-title":"Alternative splicing generates messages encoding rat c-erbA proteins that do not bind thyroid hormone","volume":"85","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0212","article-title":"Thyroid hormone-related regulation of gene expression in human fatty liver","volume":"94","author":"Pihlajamaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0573","article-title":"Thyroid: biological actions of \u2018nonclassical\u2019thyroid hormones","volume":"221","author":"Senese","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15759","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor alpha modulates fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"44","author":"Manka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.48","article-title":"Thyroid hormones induce activation of rat hepatic stellate cells through increased expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor and direct activation of Rho","volume":"90","author":"Zvibel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002136","article-title":"Incidences of hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis are increased in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Loosen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05687-3","article-title":"Low free triiodothyronine is associated with advanced fibrosis in patients at high risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"64","author":"Manka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1300","article-title":"Thyroid function and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the rotterdam study","volume":"101","author":"Bano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.08.014","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism and low-normal thyroid function are associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071350","article-title":"Risk of liver fibrosis according to TSH levels in euthyroid subjects","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Escud\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.03.028","article-title":"A vitamin D receptor\/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response","volume":"153","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0517-x","article-title":"Molecular functions and clinical impact of thyroid hormone-triggered autophagy in liver-related diseases","volume":"26","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-108464","article-title":"Thyroid hormone (T3) and TR\u03b2 agonist GC-1 inhibit\/reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats","volume":"22","author":"Perra","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22572","article-title":"Reduction of hepatic steatosis in rats and mice after treatment with a liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor agonist","volume":"49","author":"Cable","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.03.023","article-title":"3, 5-diiodo-l-thyronine, by modulating mitochondrial functions, reverses hepatic fat accumulation in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"51","author":"Mollica","year":"2009","journal-title":"J hepatology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1230583","article-title":"Thyroid hormone suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis via DAPK2 and SQSTM1-dependent selective autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2017.136","article-title":"Thyroid hormone protects hepatocytes from HBx-induced carcinogenesis by enhancing mitochondrial turnover","volume":"36","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.037","article-title":"Thyrotropin increases hepatic triglyceride content through upregulation of SREBP-1c activity","volume":"61","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00421","article-title":"Effects of the pituitary-targeted gland axes on hepatic lipid homeostasis in endocrine-associated fatty liver disease-A concept worth revisiting","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Trans Hepatology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0409","article-title":"Metformin improves hepatic IRS2\/PI3K\/Akt signaling in insulin-resistant rats of NASH and cirrhosis","volume":"229","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.006","article-title":"Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v1.i3.68","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0302","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine Connections"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.083","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and signaling in chronic liver diseases","volume":"155","author":"Mansouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10","article-title":"Direct effects of thyroid hormones on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1797","article-title":"Perspectives in liver redox imbalance: toxicological and pharmacological aspects underlying iron overloading, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and thyroid hormone action","volume":"48","author":"Videla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101266","article-title":"Early induction of hepatic deiodinase type 1 inhibits hepatosteatosis during NAFLD progression","volume":"53","author":"Bruinstroop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165927","article-title":"Hypothyroidism-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (HIN): mechanisms and emerging therapeutic options","volume":"21","author":"Tanase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.1.140","article-title":"Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in hyper-and hypothyroidism","volume":"83","author":"Tan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03420-9","article-title":"Hypothyroidism, lipids, and lipidomics","volume":"84","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250252949405","article-title":"Thyroid disease and lipids","volume":"12","author":"Duntas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312797","article-title":"Hypothyroidism-associated dyslipidemia: potential molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD","volume":"22","author":"Mavromati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1103","article-title":"Reciprocal crosstalk between autophagic and endocrine signaling in metabolic homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60580","article-title":"Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic lipid catabolism via activation of autophagy","volume":"122","author":"Sinha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101155","article-title":"Thyroid hormone response element half-site organization and its effect on thyroid hormone mediated transcription","volume":"9","author":"Paquette","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2020.00027","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological associations and therapeutic implications","volume":"8","author":"Kizivat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.07.021","article-title":"Therapeutic regulation of autophagy in hepatic metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Byrnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-5079.2021.82","article-title":"The roles of autophagy and thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatoma Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.04.009","article-title":"Influence of thyroid dysfunction on liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental rats","volume":"62","author":"Messarah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Toxicologic Pathology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0440","article-title":"Recombinant human thyrotropin reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients monitored for differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"91","author":"Dardano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v1.i1.72","article-title":"Oxidative stress signaling underlying liver disease and hepatoprotective mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Videla","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J hepatology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01428","article-title":"The role of nrf2 in liver disease: novel molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061531","article-title":"NRF2 and key transcriptional targets in melanoma redox manipulation","volume":"14","author":"Carpenter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111082","article-title":"The keap1\/nrf2 signaling pathway in the thyroid-2020 update","volume":"9","author":"Thanas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852","article-title":"Oxidative stress: Concept and some practical aspects","volume":"9","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0490","article-title":"Pathophysiology of NASH in endocrine diseases","volume":"10","author":"Gariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine connections"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180047","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2018-0047","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2013a chance association","volume":"41","author":"Lugari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormone Mol Biol Clin Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30506","article-title":"The role of innate immune cells in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"70","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00397.2004","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPARgamma2 expression in adipocytes","volume":"288","author":"Ajuwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00397.2004","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NF-\u03baB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPAR\u03b32 expression in adipocytes","volume":"288","author":"Ajuwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002480","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: basic pathogenetic mechanisms in the progression from NAFLD to NASH","volume":"103","author":"Pierantonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.014","article-title":"Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J hepatology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.02.010","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells: dictating outcome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Wiering","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.867940","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell-immune interactions in NASH","volume":"13","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.6108","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase\u2013hepatocyte\u2013stellate cell cross talk promotes hepatocyte injury and fibrosis in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"23","author":"Pulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-981457","article-title":"Oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status in patients with hypothyroidism before and after treatment","volume":"115","author":"Baskol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12242806","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and mitochondrial dysfunction: therapeutic implications for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"12","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900043","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900043","article-title":"Mitochondria-mediated pathogenesis and therapeutics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.009","article-title":"Coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis by thyroid hormone","volume":"342","author":"Weitzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0007","article-title":"Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00532","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormones in hepatocyte proliferation and liver cancer","volume":"10","author":"Gionfra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)31587-8","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor regulates hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"66","author":"Manka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.08.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters in serum and low density lipoproteins of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s43152-021-00030-3","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling in chronic liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Ortiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Tissue Microenviron Rep"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911380","article-title":"Molecular advances in MAFLD-A link between sphingolipids and extracellular matrix in development and progression to fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Ko\u0142akowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000453213","article-title":"Involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in palmitate-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Al Fadel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3A0517-188RRR","article-title":"LPS and palmitate synergistically stimulate sphingosine kinase 1 and increase sphingosine 1 phosphate in RAW264","volume":"104","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"7 macrophages. J leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.11.008","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in multiple sclerosis patient during fingolimod treatment","volume":"348","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurological Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis","volume":"134","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506113113","article-title":"Thyroid hormones inhibit TGF-\u03b2 signaling and attenuate fibrotic responses","volume":"113","author":"Alonso-Merino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01228-8","article-title":"The correlation between triiodothyronine and the severity of liver fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2006.12.005","article-title":"Thyroid hormone induces myocardial matrix degradation by activating matrix metalloproteinase-1","volume":"26","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0102","article-title":"Integrin \u03b1V\u03b23 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis","volume":"146","author":"Bergh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20896","article-title":"Adipokines in NASH: postprandial lipid metabolism as a link between adiponectin and liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Musso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0587","article-title":"Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"91","author":"Utzschneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22970-x","article-title":"Diffuse myocardial injuries are present in subclinical hypothyroidism: A clinical study using myocardial T1-mapping quantification","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.16-477","article-title":"A low-normal free triiodothyronine level is associated with adverse prognosis in euthyroid patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108844","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets","volume":"269","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-2-2","article-title":"Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome and the role of C reactive protein: a cross-sectional study from South India","volume":"2","author":"Shantha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.08.001","article-title":"Role of metabolic lipases and lipolytic metabolites in the pathogenesis of NAFLD","volume":"25","author":"Fuchs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.18","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15930","article-title":"The first MASH drug therapy on the horizon: Current perspectives of resmetirom","volume":"44","author":"Petta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00447.2014","article-title":"Novel insights into the function and dynamics of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis","volume":"308","author":"Karsdal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151736","article-title":"Extracellular matrix molecular remodeling in human liver fibrosis evolution","volume":"11","author":"Baiocchini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B111","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) activation increases hyaluronan (HA) production in preadipocyte-fibroblasts; explanation for HA accumulation in thyroid dysfunction","volume-title":"Endocrine Abstracts","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0083","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000083","article-title":"Hyaluronan in liver fibrosis: basic mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic targets","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0055-6","article-title":"4-Methylumbelliferone improves the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue","volume":"1","author":"Grandoch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01977-2","article-title":"Evidence on the link between hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Pourseyedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Endocrine Disord"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080675","article-title":"Influence of altered thyroid hormone mechanisms in the progression of metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD): A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Marschner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112841","article-title":"NAFLD in some common endocrine diseases: prevalence, pathophysiology, and principles of diagnosis and management","volume":"20","author":"Lonardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v12i8.5335","article-title":"The impact of endothelial dysfunction on the course of metabolically associated liver disease in combination with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"\u041aolesnikova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Res Archives"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28514","article-title":"A longer duration of estrogen deficiency increases fibrosis risk among postmenopausal women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Klair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2022.2110864","article-title":"Thyroid hormones as a disease modifier and therapeutic target in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Wirth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02020-z","article-title":"Targeting the DIO3 enzyme using first-in-class inhibitors effectively suppresses tumor growth: a new paradigm in ovarian cancer treatment","volume":"40","author":"Moskovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.024","article-title":"Deiodinases control local cellular and systemic thyroid hormone availability","volume":"193","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3623","article-title":"Liver fibrosis and repair: immune regulation of wound healing in a solid organ","volume":"14","author":"Pellicoro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0572","article-title":"Thyroid function and the risk of fibrosis of the liver, heart, and lung in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Bano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L698","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00428.2021","article-title":"Noncanonical JAK1\/STAT3 interactions with TGF-\u03b2 modulate myofibroblast transdifferentiation and fibrosis","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2208","article-title":"Allosteric inhibition of lysyl oxidase\u2013like-2 impedes the development of a pathologic microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Barry-Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2020.105802","article-title":"The extracellular matrix and mechanotransduction in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"126","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00300.2014","article-title":"Mechanosignaling through YAP and TAZ drives fibroblast activation and fibrosis","volume":"308","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02184-x","article-title":"Liver fibrotic burden across the spectrum of hypothyroidism","volume":"60","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32520-5","article-title":"Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals","volume":"391","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.015","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"141","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22193","article-title":"The role of matrix stiffness in regulating cell behavior","volume":"47","author":"Wells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-1728-HSCALF","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis","volume":"131","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43759-6","article-title":"Matrix stiffness modulates the activity of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in hepatic stellate cells to perpetuate fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Lachowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.02.003","article-title":"Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans","volume":"42","author":"Iozzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113772","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disorders elevate macrophages cytokines release and promote multiple tissues\/organs dysfunction in mice","volume":"249","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol behavior"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102759","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis regression","volume":"10","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-6-2397","article-title":"The effect of thyroid hormone on glycosaminoglycan accumulation in human skin fibroblasts","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00201","article-title":"Interactions between hyaluronan and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulate the activities of inflammation and cancer","author":"Misra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1528841","article-title":"Fibronectin (FN) cooperated with TLR2\/TLR4 receptor to promote innate immune responses of macrophages via binding to integrin \u03b21","volume":"9","author":"Fei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.896473","article-title":"Inflammasomes and pyroptosis of liver cells in liver fibrosis","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.01.007","article-title":"Thyroid hormone suppresses ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver NLRP3 inflammasome activation: Role of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"184","author":"Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0725-5","article-title":"Macrophages, wound healing, and fibrosis: recent insights","volume":"20","author":"Smigiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00033","article-title":"Hippo signaling in the liver - A long and ever-expanding story","volume":"7","author":"Manmadhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.05.006","article-title":"The extracellular matrix and insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1098129","article-title":"Regulators, functions, and mechanotransduction pathways of matrix stiffness in hepatic disease","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31296","article-title":"Thyroid hormone signaling and the liver","volume":"72","author":"Ritter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00409.2002","article-title":"PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha expression during thyroid hormone- and contractile activity-induced mitochondrial adaptations","volume":"284","author":"Irrcher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.5.0349","article-title":"Insulin degradation: progress and potential","volume":"19","author":"Duckworth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-4-1142","article-title":"Insulin degradation by hepatocytes in primary culture","volume":"108","author":"Duckworth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25670","article-title":"Fibrosis-dependent mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123604","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0795-5","article-title":"Higher matrix stiffness as an independent initiator triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition and facilitates HCC metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1028","article-title":"Proapoptotic function of integrin beta(3) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21792","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and substrate stiffness regulate portal fibroblast activation in culture","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24108","article-title":"Matrix stiffness modulates proliferation, chemotherapeutic response, and dormancy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"53","author":"Schrader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21375","article-title":"Sustained activation of Rac1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes liver injury and fibrosis in mice","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02612-3","article-title":"Low thyroid function is associated with an increased risk of advanced fibrosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/jm4019299","volume-title":"Discovery of 2-[3, 5-dichloro-4-(5-isopropyl-6-oxo-1, 6-dihydropyridazin-3-yloxy) phenyl]-3, 5-dioxo-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro [1, 2, 4] triazine-6-carbonitrile (MGL-3196), a highly selective thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 agonist in clinical trials for the treatment of dyslipidemia","author":"Kelly","year":"2014"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.056","article-title":"Lipid lowering in healthy volunteers treated with multiple doses of MGL-3196, a liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor-\u03b2 agonist","volume":"230","author":"Taub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15783","article-title":"Cell type-specific actions of thyroid hormones in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Puengel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2024.00100","article-title":"THR-\u03b2 Agonist for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis treatment: challenges of a promising drug","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"B163","article-title":"A Phase I, single-dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ASC43F, a fixed-dose combination oral tablet of ASC41, a thyroid hormone receptor Beta agonist, and ASC42, a farnesoid X receptor agonist in healthy subjects","volume-title":"HEPATOLOGY","author":"He","year":"2022"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020274","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: emerging targets and drug candidates","volume":"10","author":"Prikhodko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000860","article-title":"MASH clinical trials and drugs pipeline: An impending Tsunami","volume":"10","author":"Noureddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.203","article-title":"Selective agonists of thyroid hormone receptor beta: promising tools for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"39","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(98)90168-5","article-title":"A high-affinity subtype-selective agonist ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor","volume":"5","author":"Chiellini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800824d","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of liver-selective phosphonic acid thyroid hormone receptor agonists and their prodrugs","volume":"51","author":"Boyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J medicinal Chem"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67804","article-title":"A nonclassical vitamin D receptor pathway suppresses renal fibrosis","volume":"123","author":"Ito","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01165","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and antifibrosis activity in liver of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Medicinal Chem"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3390\/livers3040040","article-title":"Therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)","volume":"3","author":"Bhopale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Livers"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101231","article-title":"Liver fibrosis in NAFLD\/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"95","author":"Parola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3282","article-title":"Targeting of \u03b1v integrin identifies a core molecular pathway that regulates fibrosis in several organs","volume":"19","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15157","article-title":"Integrins as a drug target in liver fibrosis","volume":"42","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154626","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits HSC activation and liver fibrosis via targeting inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and ECM-receptor interaction mediated by TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137447","article-title":"Depletion of activated hepatic stellate cells and capillarized liver sinusoidal endothelial cells using a rationally designed protein for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis treatment","volume":"25","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26268","article-title":"PH20 inhibits TGF\u03b21-induced differentiation of perimysial orbital fibroblasts via hyaluronan-CD44 pathway in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Science"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.019","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid as a non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"Neuman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35653-4","article-title":"BET inhibition improves NASH and liver fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Middleton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14074","article-title":"The lysyl oxidase like 2\/3 enzymatic inhibitor, PXS-5153A, reduces crosslinks and ameliorates fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Schilter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0050","article-title":"FTY720 (Fingolimod) attenuates basal and sphingosine-1-phosphate-evoked thyroid cancer cell invasion","volume":"23","author":"Kalhori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00222.2016","article-title":"Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling ameliorates murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"312","author":"Mauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M093799","article-title":"FTY720\/fingolimod decreases hepatic steatosis and expression of fatty acid synthase in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"60","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.781567","article-title":"Inflammation and fibrogenesis in MAFLD: role of the hepatic immune system","volume":"8","author":"Torre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02509-6","article-title":"TSH-stimulated hepatocyte exosomes modulate liver-adipose triglyceride accumulation via the TGF-\u03b21\/ATGL axis in mice","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Disease"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13665","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signalling and liver disease","volume":"283","author":"Fabregat","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14873","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid induces COX-2 expression via CD44 in orbital fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130184","article-title":"Modulating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling skews intrahepatic leukocytes and attenuates murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00257.2011","article-title":"Galectin-3 modulates phagocytosis-induced stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis in vivo","volume":"302","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02104-8","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in liver repair and regeneration: from physiology to therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01673-4","article-title":"Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.012","article-title":"Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease \u2013 novel insights into cellular communication circuits","volume":"77","author":"Peiseler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136996","article-title":"Fibrogenic pathways in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)","volume":"23","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00033-2","article-title":"Sex-specific regulation of the cardiac transcriptome by the protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B55\u03b1","volume":"2","author":"Sergienko","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Metab Health Disease"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639196\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1759469426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639196\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":194,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"article-number":"1639196"}}