{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:55:18Z","timestamp":1793141718416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coexistence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and functional constipation (FC) in children reflects complex gut\u2013immune interactions; however, the contribution of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to immune-metabolic dysregulation remains poorly defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fecal microbiota from 57 AR-FC children (aged 0\u20136 years) and 59 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and functional pathways were inferred via PICRUSt2. A subset of 13 preschoolers (aged 3\u20137 years) underwent a 3-month synbiotic intervention (multi-strain probiotics combined with dietary fiber), with paired pre- and post-treatment samples analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AR-FC subjects exhibited reduced \u03b1- diversity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.003) and depletion of SCFAs-producing taxa (\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Log2FC = \u22122.1,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001;\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides stercoris<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Log2FC = \u22121.8,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.005). Alterations were observed in functional pathways, including upregulated proteasome activity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.01, potentially linked to antigen processing) and suppressed LPS biosynthesis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02, suggestive of impaired innate immunity). Synbiotic administration enriched\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance (+54.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) and alleviated constipation but reduced\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\u221285.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), reflecting substrate competition. Following synbiotic intervention, metabolic remodeling was characterized by increased sulfur assimilation (+83.2% sulfate reduction,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04) and diminished \u03b2-lactam resistance (\u221235.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gut dysbiosis in AR-FC comorbidity is associated with disruption of the microbiota\u2013SCFA\u2013immune axis, which may correlate with mucosal barrier defects and a potential bias toward T helper 2 (Th2) polarization. Although synbiotic therapy induced taxonomic shifts and improved gastrointestinal function, our findings highlight the need for strain-specific formulations to achieve comprehensive immune and intestinal restoration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T06:38:58Z","timestamp":1764743938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gut microbiota-driven dysbiosis of the SCFA-immune axis in pediatric allergic rhinitis-constipation comorbidity: mechanisms and synbiotic 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