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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Avian pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (APEC) is a leading cause of disease and mortality in broiler chickens, resulting in substantial economic losses. Probiotics such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have shown potential to enhance host immunity and limit pathogen colonization, but their efficacy against APEC is not fully understood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred diseased broilers from 20 farms were screened for\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation, serotyping, and antimicrobial resistance. The probiotic strain\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATS1 (GenBank accession no. PV478081.1), previously isolated and partially characterized in our laboratory, was evaluated for adhesion to Caco-2 epithelial cells, survival in murine macrophages, and\n                      <jats:italic>In Vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      effects on growth performance, serum IgY levels, and protection against oral challenge with APEC O126:K71 at 28 days of age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were recovered, with (APEC) predominating (80%) and 20% identified as Shiga toxin-producing O26 strains. Multidrug resistance was common, including complete resistance to cefixime and aztreonam.\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed strong adhesion to epithelial cells (5.65 \u00b1 1 bacteria\/cell) and survived within macrophages.\n                      <jats:italic>In Vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation increased serum IgY, improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, reduced cecal and hepatic APEC colonization, and lowered mortality following challenge.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATS1 provides protective and immunomodulatory effects against APEC by supporting intestinal colonization, surviving in macrophages, and enhancing humoral immunity. These findings highlight its potential as a probiotic strategy to improve broiler health and reduce dependence on antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1640600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:23Z","timestamp":1762236623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preclinical evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a probiotic alternative against multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hanem","family":"El-Sharkawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Abdelsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamen","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Tahoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6351-x","article-title":"Zebrafish gut colonization by mCherry-labelled lactic acid bacteria","volume":"99","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Escherichia coli, an economically important avian pathogen, its disease manifestations, diagnosis and control, and public health significance: a review","author":"Kuldeep Dhama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"319","article-title":"Isolation, molecular characterization, and antibiotic resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in Eastern China","volume":"9","author":"Afayibo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. 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