{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:58:21Z","timestamp":1793926701912,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiology of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), and our previous work has demonstrated that mast cells play a critical role in this process. Here, we further show that electroacupuncture (EA) restores intestinal mucosal barrier in IBS-D Rats by modulating mast cell-Derived exosomal (MC-EXO) microRNAs (miRNAs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IBS-D was induced in rats using chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with Senna solution administration, and confirmed through assessments of visceral pain threshold, diarrhea index, percentage of time spent in open arms, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate the pathological features of the colon. Model rats were treated with EA in combination with the mast cell agonist C48\/80, CRF-R1 agonist Ucn1, or exosome antagonist GW4869. CRF and CRF-R1 mRNA expression levels were measured using qPCR, and mast cell activation and degranulation were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, intestinal barrier integrity and tight junction expression were evaluated by ELISA, TEM, Western blot (WB), and IHC. MC-EXO miRNAs were extracted, sequenced, and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Furthermore, Caco-2 cells were transfected with miR-149-5p and miR-22-5p mimics to determine the effect of these miRNAs on intestinal permeability and tight junction protein expression. To further validate the effect of miR-149-5p, IBS-D rats were administered adeno-associated viruses (AAV) overexpressing miR-149-5p, and mast cell activation and intestinal barrier function were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>EA alleviated IBS-D symptoms by downregulating CRF and CRF-R1 expression, inhibiting mast cell activation, and upregulating tight junction protein expression. These effects were abrogated by CRF and mast cell agonists, but enhanced by an exosome inhibitor. MiRNA sequencing revealed significantly higher miR-149-5p and miR-22-5p expression levels in the model group compared to the EA group. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses showed that these miRNAs were enriched in pathways associated with tight junctions. Transfection of Caco-2 cells with miR-149-5p or miR-22-5p mimics increased monolayer permeability and downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins. Additionally, administration of AAV-miR-149-5p abolished the protective effect of EA in IBS-D rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MC-EXO miR-149-5p modulates EA-mediated intestinal barrier repair in IBS-D rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:43:19Z","timestamp":1758087799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Electroacupuncture restores intestinal mucosal barrier in IBS-D rats by modulating mast cell-derived exosomal MiR-149-5p"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yujun","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangli","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of rome foundation global study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0611-2","article-title":"Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea","volume":"15","author":"Buono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual Life outcomes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01450-5","article-title":"Multi-omics profiles of the intestinal microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome and its bowel habit subtypes","volume":"11","author":"Jacobs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617731968","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management: A simplified algorithm for clinical practice","volume":"5","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"U Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020135","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal mast cells: key modulators of barrier function and homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Albert-Bayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044157","article-title":"The crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and mast cells is modulated by the probiotic supplementation in co-culture models","volume":"24","author":"Vito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2013.19.2.244","article-title":"Mucosal mast cell count is associated with intestinal permeability in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112030","article-title":"Minimally invasive vagus nerve stimulation modulates mast cell degranulation via the microbiota-gut-brain axis to ameliorate blood-brain barrier and intestinal barrier damage following ischemic stroke","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08641-z","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus neuropenetrance is driven by mast cell chymase","volume":"10","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212242","article-title":"Hypothalamic regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor under stress and stress resilience","volume":"22","author":"Kageyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32387","article-title":"Proteinases and proteinase-activated receptor 2: a possible role to promote visceral hyperalgesia in rats","volume":"122","author":"Coelho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000789","article-title":"Peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor triggers jejunal mast cell activation and abdominal pain in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Guilarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00021","article-title":"Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and receptors in immune cells in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Chatoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-015-1086-8","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 interaction in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Nozu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500154","article-title":"The role of acupuncture on the gut-brain-microbiota axis in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Yaklai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20220147","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of electroacupuncture repairing intestinal barrier via regulating mast cell in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupunct Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759842","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1759842","article-title":"Electroacupuncture regulates disorders of gut-brain interaction by decreasing corticotropin-releasing factor in a rat model of IBS","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9176","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179176","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as emerging players in intercellular communication: relevance in mast cell-mediated pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Shefler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (New York NY)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00046","article-title":"Mast cell synapses and exosomes: membrane contacts for information exchange","volume":"3","author":"Carroll-Portillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81131","article-title":"Regulation of chronic inflammatory and immune processes by extracellular vesicles","volume":"126","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020101","article-title":"Plasma corticotropin-releasing factor receptors and B7-2+ Extracellular vesicles in blood correlate with irritable bowel syndrome disease severity","volume":"8","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-020-00279-2","article-title":"Mast cells-derived MiR-223 destroys intestinal barrier function by inhibition of CLDN8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.917579","article-title":"Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by electroacupuncture through submucosal enteric glial cell-derived S-nitrosoglutathione","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z","article-title":"Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"264","author":"Fond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2081619","article-title":"Comparative miRNA transcriptomics of macaques and mice reveals MYOC is an inhibitor for Cryptococcus neoformans invasion into the brain","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206239","article-title":"miRWalk: An online resource for prediction of microRNA binding sites","volume":"13","author":"Sticht","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22088\/IJMCM.BUMS.11.3.223","article-title":"Increased expression of tight junction proteins and blood-brain barrier integrity in MCAO rats following injection of miR-149-5p","volume":"11","author":"Forouzandeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Cell Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284211027892","article-title":"Regulation of serum microRNA expression by acupuncture in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.042","article-title":"Surface functionalization of exosomes for target-specific delivery and in vivo imaging & tracking: Strategies and significance","volume":"326","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Controlled release"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302093","article-title":"Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: an organic disorder with structural abnormalities in the jejunal epithelial barrier","volume":"62","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123498","article-title":"Esther Schaepkens 1 PB, Joanna Kruimel 1, Jos\u00e9 Conchillo 1, Ad Masclee The intestinal barrier in irritable bowel syndrome: subtype-specific effects of the systemic compartment in an in vitro model","volume":"10","author":"Ludidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01823","article-title":"Psychological stress, intestinal barrier dysfunctions, and autoimmune disorders: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Ilchmann-Diounou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14126","article-title":"Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497430","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2497430","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats by inhibiting EGCs activity through regulating BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med: eCAM"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S483750","article-title":"Analysis of electroacupuncture parameters for irritable bowel syndrome: A data mining approach","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-070119-115104","article-title":"Interaction between the microbiota, epithelia, and immune cells in the intestine","volume":"38","author":"Kayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2200936","article-title":"Mast cell activation: beyond histamine and tryptase","volume":"19","author":"Theoharides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467210666170224095741","article-title":"Brain and gut CRF signaling: biological actions and role in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Tache","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00092","article-title":"The CRF system and social behavior: a review","volume":"7","author":"Hostetler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.02.002","article-title":"Mast cell secretome: Soluble and vesicular components","volume":"67","author":"Vukman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05755-y","article-title":"Plasma exosomes derived from patients with intestinal Beh\u00e7et's syndrome induce intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis","volume":"40","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-023-02963-5","article-title":"Apigenin reduces the suppressive effect of exosomes derived from irritable bowel syndrome patients on the autophagy of human colon epithelial cells by promoting ATG14","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6655900","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6655900","article-title":"Serum Exosomes Derived from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patient Increase Cell Permeability via Regulating miR-148b-5p\/RGS2 Signaling in Human Colonic Epithelium Cells","volume":"2021","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00816-7","article-title":"Electroacupuncture-driven endogenous circulating serum exosomes as a potential therapeutic strategy for sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-016-2269-8","article-title":"Mast cell-derived exosomes at the stimulated acupoints activating the neuro-immune regulation","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.01.209","article-title":"The role of miRNA in IBS pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy: The latest thought","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig liver Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09033-6","article-title":"Immunomodulatory significance of mast cell exosomes (MC-EXOs) in immune response coordination","volume":"68","author":"Elieh-Ali-Komi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128604","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2128604","article-title":"Yao Zhao 2 YX, Yuanxiang Jin Extracellular vesicle miRNAs promote the intestinal microenvironment by interacting with microbes in colitis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319756","article-title":"Exosomes from igE-stimulated mast cells aggravate asthma-mediated atherosclerosis through circRNA CDR1as-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction in mice","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151496","article-title":"The miR-22-5p\/Clec4e axis has diagnostic potential in fructose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"753","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27274","article-title":"Circulating miR-22-5p and miR-122-5p are promising novel biomarkers for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.2.226","article-title":"Analysis of miRNA expression in patients with NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"17","author":"Gajewski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01966-4","article-title":"Exosome circATP8A1 induces macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the miR-1-3p\/STAT6 axis to promote gastric cancer progression","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04649-8","article-title":"The important role of miR-1-3p in cancers","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab179","article-title":"MiR-1-3p and miR-124-3p synergistically damage the intestinal barrier in the ageing colon","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Crohn's colitis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.01.011","article-title":"Deficiency of miRNA-149-3p shaped gut microbiota and enhanced dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"31","author":"Kankuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.743077","article-title":"MiR-149-5p: an important miRNA regulated by competing endogenous RNAs in diverse human cancers","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061536","article-title":"microRNAs and markers of neutrophil activation as predictors of early incidental post-surgical pulmonary embolism in patients with intracranial tumors","volume":"12","author":"Oto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050726","article-title":"MicroRNA profiles in intestinal epithelial cells in a mouse model of sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Caidengbate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates","volume":"17","author":"Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05684-6","article-title":"Second-generation biomarker testing for irritable bowel syndrome using plasma anti-cdtB and anti-vinculin levels","volume":"64","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122664","article-title":"The art of mast cell adhesion","volume":"9","author":"Pastwi\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14040380","article-title":"The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated F-actin in the acupuncture-induced mitigation of inflammatory pain in arthritic rats","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02521-7","article-title":"Expression profile of SYNE3 and bioinformatic analysis of its prognostic value and functions in tumors","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4162-x","article-title":"Ischemic colitis as a complication of medication use: an analysis of the federal adverse event reporting system","volume":"61","author":"Bielefeldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60207-X","article-title":"Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Besselink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0786-6","article-title":"Mast cell interactions and crosstalk in regulating allergic inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Velez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8695-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes and mast cell disorders: a comprehensive review","volume":"57","author":"Nanagas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641484\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:43:21Z","timestamp":1758087801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641484\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"article-number":"1641484"}}