{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:37:35Z","timestamp":1793147855813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> is an opportunistic bacterium that causes serious nosocomial infections, including pneumonia and bacteremia, especially in immunocompromised individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we first evaluated the protective efficacy of a vaccination protocol with the heat-killed (HK) <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> strain LAC-4 in various models of immunodeficient C57BL\/6 mice challenged with pulmonary infection by LAC-4. We then examined the ability of HK LAC-4 to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that mice deficient in Th1 (IL-12p35<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>, IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>), Th17 (IL-17RA<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) and T cells (\u03b4TCR<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>, TAP1<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>, CD3<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) display higher susceptibility to LAC-4 infection, but that our protocol improves their resistance. In contrast, vaccinated B cell-deficient (MuMT<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) mice appear unable to control the infection, demonstrating that humoral immunity is essential to vaccine protection. Vaccination of wild-type mice with an HK \u0394<jats:italic>itrA<\/jats:italic> strain deficient for capsule production failed to induce protection, showing that protective antibodies are mainly directed against the capsule. Our vaccination protocol also confers increased protection in wild-type mice vaccinated and then treated with cyclophosphamide; an immunosuppressive drug described to strongly increase the susceptibility of mice to <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> infection. Finally, we demonstrate that HK LAC-4 can induce the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T lymphocytes from PBMCs of healthy donors, suggesting that it may activate the human adaptive immune system and induce a protective memory response against <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, our results demonstrate that administration of HK bacteria can induce protective immunity against <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> in both immuno-competent and immuno-compromised mice and that these HK bacteria can activate the human adaptive immune system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1641997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T09:53:21Z","timestamp":1758534801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Humoral response induced after intranasal vaccination with heat inactivated Acinetobacter baumannii protects immunodeficient mice against hypervirulent LAC-4 strain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rouma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Barbieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Poncin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Denanglaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Tafesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Vermijlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Delbauve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Van Buylaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Van der Henst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"De Bolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Andris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Muraille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.11.008","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"30","author":"Whiteway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends 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