{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T06:30:42Z","timestamp":1758349842293,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC 82070540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC 82070540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to develop and validate a classifier model to discriminate bacterial from viral infection in ulcerative colitis with opportunistic infections (UC-OI) by evaluating potential transcript signature in peripheral blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study comprised UC patients with bacterial or viral infection or without opportunistic infections. We screened for differentially expressed genes associated with bacterial or viral infections (<jats:italic>IFI44L<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PI3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ITGB2<\/jats:italic>) and compared the expression levels of the genes in different infection subgroups. Subsequently, UC patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the discovery or validation groups. We developed a binary logistic regression model integrating the expression of candidate genes using discovery group and evaluated its discriminatory performance in validation group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression levels of candidate genes differed significantly among infection subgroups. The <jats:italic>IFI44L<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PI3<\/jats:italic> combination was the most discriminatory and was used to construct the model. The two-transcript classifier model had an AUC of 0.867 (95% CI 0.794-0.941) to discriminate bacterial and viral infections in the validation group. Its performance was better than that of PCT, CRP and ESR and was less affected by pathogen type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>IFI44L<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PI3<\/jats:italic> transcript levels are robust classifiers to discriminate bacterial from viral infection in UC-OI, and measuring its levels appears to be predictive infection progression and treatment outcome in UC patients over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1642923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T05:30:23Z","timestamp":1758259823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A two-transcript classifier model of host genes for discrimination of bacterial from viral infection in ulcerative colitis with opportunistic infections: a discovery and validation 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