{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:16:13Z","timestamp":1787026573279,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2304000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2304000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a zoonotic intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is responsible for human infections presenting as flu-like fever and community-acquired pneumonia. Previous studies have implicated polymorphic membrane (Pmp) G in tissue tropism and induction of immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which Pmp19G promotes\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and immune evasion\u2014especially via macrophage subversion remain poorly understood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates that both\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      and recombinant\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific Pmp19G protein activated autophagy in macrophages. This activation was characterized by increased autophagosome formation, conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and accumulation of p62\/SQSTM1, while lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), a late autophagy biomarker, remained unaffected. Utilizing pull-down assays coupled with co-immunoprecipitation, we identified the NOD1 receptor as an interactor with the N-terminal domain of Pmp19G. Subsequent analysis confirmed activation of the NOD1-ATG16L1 signaling pathway. NOD1 knockout or knockdown significantly impaired Pmp19G-mediated autophagic flux. Furthermore, treatment with Pmp19G enhanced the recruitment of RAB7 during the late stages of autophagy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings indicate that Pmp19G regulates macrophage autophagy through distinct mechanisms in early and late phases: activation of the NOD1-ATG16L1 signaling pathway initiates early autophagy, while enhanced RAB7 recruitment inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion during late autophagy. Collectively, Pmp19G-involved manipulation of the autophagic process represents a critical strategy employed by\n                      <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      to evade host immune defenses, leading bacterial survival and spread.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1645250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T05:26:12Z","timestamp":1757481972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The N-terminal domain of Chlamydia psittaci Pmp19G modulates macrophage autophagy by targeting the NOD1 receptor and the ATG16L1\u2013RAB7 signaling 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