{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:56:45Z","timestamp":1772247405612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally. Although the approved human Bacille-Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccines provide limited protection, a vaccine based on\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Mtb) has yet to be approved. Our previous findings demonstrated that s.c. immunization with heat-killed Mtb significantly increased the number of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that the defense against a subsequent BCG infection would be compromised in Mtb-immunized mice. Surprisingly, mice vaccinated with Mtb were protected against BCG infection and exhibited elevated frequencies and activation of dendritic cells (DC) and mycobacteria-specific T cells, despite high frequencies and suppressor activity of M-MDSC. Genetic ablation of CCR2\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytic cells or pharmacological intervention with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) reduced the frequency of Mtb-induced M-MDSC, enhanced the frequencies and activation of DC and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and resulted in decreased bacterial loads in the lungs and spleen. These findings provide new insights into TB vaccination using heat-killed Mtb despite the concurrent unwanted effects of vaccine-induced M-MDSC. M-MDSC depletion via ATRA further shifts the balance toward immunity and should be considered an adjunct host-directed therapy alongside TB vaccines in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:38:49Z","timestamp":1753940329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MDSC depletion during immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases protection against BCG infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arpa","family":"Aintablian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Arold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haisam","family":"Alattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cyran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelita","family":"Du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Walzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schaible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Beilhack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Nieuwenhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred B.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30308-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"393","author":"Furin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000950","article-title":"Advances in development of new tuberculosis vaccines","volume":"29","author":"da Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62078-4","article-title":"Baroness Masham of I. WHO's 2013 global report on tuberculosis: successes, threats, and opportunities","volume":"382","author":"Zumla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12965","article-title":"BCG-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications for next-generation vaccines","volume":"301","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345862","article-title":"Deletion of RD1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimics bacille Calmette-Guerin attenuation","volume":"187","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis immune evasion as challenges to TB vaccine design","volume":"24","author":"Ernst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0249OC","article-title":"Increased frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells during active tuberculosis and after recent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection suppresses T-cell function","volume":"188","author":"du Plessis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201405-0828oc","article-title":"Lung-residing myeloid-derived suppressors display dual functionality in murine pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"190","author":"Knaul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00490-y","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the era of increasing myeloid cell diversity","volume":"21","author":"Veglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3581","article-title":"History of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"13","author":"Talmadge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-16-0297","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"5","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1060-2_10","article-title":"In vitro generation of murine myeloid-derived suppressor cells, analysis of markers, developmental commitment, and function","volume":"2236","author":"Eckert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3175","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours","volume":"12","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1668","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by L-arginine metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Bronte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128664","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.128664","article-title":"Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis prime-boost vaccination induces myeloid-derived suppressor cells with spleen dendritic cell-killing capability","volume":"5","author":"Ribechini","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.05.005","article-title":"Development of a Mycobacterium bovis intranasal challenge model in mice","volume":"88","author":"Logan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl3962","article-title":"BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination","volume":"383","author":"Fromsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00259","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of BCG vaccine for control of tuberculosis in domestic livestock and wildlife","volume":"5","author":"Buddle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00670-9","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00546-2","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of tumour myeloid cells","volume":"23","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci136288","article-title":"Therapies for tuberculosis and AIDS: myeloid-derived suppressor cells in focus","volume":"130","author":"Dorhoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2593","article-title":"Mechanism of all-trans retinoic acid effect on tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"67","author":"Nefedova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad460","article-title":"Adjunct therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid improves therapeutic efficacy through immunomodulation while treating tuberculosis with antibiotics in mice","volume":"229","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0185oc","article-title":"Immunotherapy added to antibiotic treatment reduces relapse of disease in a mouse model of tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Mourik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132657799","article-title":"Adaptive immunity cooperates with liposomal all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to facilitate long-term molecular remissions in mice with acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"99","author":"Westervelt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-06-1690","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid improves differentiation of myeloid cells and immune response in cancer patients","volume":"66","author":"Mirza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-22-2495","article-title":"Targeting MDSC differentiation using ATRA: A phase I\/II clinical trial combining pembrolizumab and all-trans retinoic acid for metastatic melanoma","volume":"29","author":"Tobin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer research: an Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1396-8","article-title":"Therapeutic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune response to cancer vaccine in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer","volume":"62","author":"Iclozan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer immunology immunotherapy: CII."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.6.849","article-title":"Modes of action of Freund's adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases","volume":"70","author":"Billiau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050819","article-title":"An overview of vaccine adjuvants: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Facciola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1071455","article-title":"Safety and tolerability evaluation of the use of Montanide ISA51 as vaccine adjuvant: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"van Doorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-3997","article-title":"Phase I immunotherapy trial with two chimeric HER-2 B-cell peptide vaccines emulsified in montanide ISA 720VG and nor-MDP adjuvant in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"25","author":"Bekaii-Saab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer research: an Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40758-0","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of a peptide-based COVID-19 T-cell activator in patients with B-cell deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Heitmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104347","article-title":"Comments on the ambiguity of selected surface markers, signaling pathways and omics profiles hampering the identification of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"364","author":"Lutz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-002-0486-0","article-title":"Identification of CD16-2, a novel mouse receptor homologous to CD16\/Fc gamma RIII","volume":"54","author":"Mechetina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunogenetics."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113006","article-title":"S100A8\/A9-alarmin promotes local myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation restricting severe autoimmune arthritis","volume":"42","author":"von Wulffen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939486","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation by combined LPS and IFN-gamma treatment impairs DC development","volume":"39","author":"Greifenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00438","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and innate responses in a new model of lung alveolar macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01124-3","article-title":"How macrophage heterogeneity affects tuberculosis disease and therapy","volume":"25","author":"Russell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07714-9","article-title":"Regulation of mycobacterial infection by macrophage Gch1 and tetrahydrobiopterin","volume":"9","author":"McNeill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149663","article-title":"Flt3L, LIF, and IL-10 combination promotes the selective in vitro development of ESAM(low) cDC2B from murine bone marrow","volume":"52","author":"Cyran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh170","article-title":"The role of antigenic peptide in CD4+ T helper phenotype development in a T cell receptor transgenic model","volume":"16","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B43","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid eliminates immature myeloid cells from tumor-bearing mice and improves the effect of vaccination","volume":"63","author":"Kusmartsev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00535-21","article-title":"A comprehensive map of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex regions of difference","volume":"6","author":"Bespiatykh","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.5.1274-1282.1996","article-title":"Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M","volume":"178","author":"Mahairas","year":"1996","journal-title":"bovis. J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02820","article-title":"A new phylogenetic framework for the animal-adapted mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","volume":"9","author":"Brites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.051","article-title":"Construction, characterization and preclinical evaluation of MTBVAC, the first live-attenuated M. tuberculosis-based vaccine to enter clinical trials","volume":"31","author":"Arbues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.049","article-title":"MTBVAC, a live TB vaccine poised to initiate efficacy trials 100 years after BCG","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04596-5","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits MPT64 to generate myeloid-derived suppressor cells to evade the immune system","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017006858","article-title":"Novel GM-CSF signals via IFN-gR\/IRF-1 and AKT\/mTOR license monocytes for\u00a0suppressor function","volume":"1","author":"Ribechini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Advances."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.10.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation and function","volume":"32","author":"Condamine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2012.01.011","article-title":"Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), macrophages, and dendritic cells enhances tumor-induced immune suppression","volume":"22","author":"Ostrand-Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107889","article-title":"BCG revaccination in adults enhances pro-inflammatory markers of trained immunity along with anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4ma0215-059r","article-title":"Long-term in vitro and in vivo effects of gamma-irradiated BCG on innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"98","author":"Arts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.012","article-title":"Loss of bacillus Calmette-Guerin viability adversely affects the direct response of urothelial carcinoma cells to bacillus Calmette-Guerin exposure","volume":"191","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.01.038","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency diseases and bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG)-vaccine-derived complications: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fekrvand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.2019.0040","article-title":"Disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin infection at a glance: a mini review of the literature","volume":"87","author":"Hassanzad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Respir Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2023.09.009","article-title":"MTBVAC: A tuberculosis vaccine candidate advancing towards clinical efficacy trials in TB prevention","volume":"59","author":"Lacamara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.740117","article-title":"Advancing adjuvants for mycobacterium tuberculosis therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Enriquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.024","article-title":"Host evasion and exploitation schemes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"159","author":"Cambier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01755","article-title":"Strategies to improve vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis by targeting innate immunity","volume":"8","author":"Schaible","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.2175","article-title":"Dendritic cell survival and maturation are regulated by different signaling pathways","volume":"188","author":"Rescigno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.08.007","article-title":"Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells using all-trans retinoic acid in melanoma patients treated with Ipilimumab","volume":"63","author":"Tobin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int immunopharmacology."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4467","article-title":"Transitory presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in neonates is critical for control of inflammation","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/era.12.101","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Masetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-512640","article-title":"How we prevent and treat differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"123","author":"Sanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1003781","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and vaccination against pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Prochetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1281","article-title":"Neutrophils rapidly migrate via lymphatics after Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermal vaccination and shuttle live bacilli to the draining lymph nodes","volume":"106","author":"Abadie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1028-2_15","article-title":"Preparation of thin frozen sections from nonfixed and undecalcified hard tissues using kawamoto's film method (2020)","volume":"2230","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:38:50Z","timestamp":1753940330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.31.635639","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"article-number":"1646526"}}