{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:13:18Z","timestamp":1790741598480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly aggressive central nervous system lymphoma that has a high relapse rate and a 5-year survival rate of 30%-40% with conventional treatment. In about 95% of cases, Primary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (PCNS-DLBCL) occurs. In some patients, the tumor microenvironment exhibited high levels of PD-L1, which may be linked to prognosis. The key mechanism for PD-L1 overexpression in EBV<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> tumor cells is the amplification of the 9p24.1 copy number, with signaling pathways such as JAK2 and NF-\u03baB possibly playing a role in this process. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 mAb), particularly combined with BTK inhibitors, show promise in relapsed\/refractory PCNSL. Still, there is no universally accepted therapeutic consensus. The blood-brain barrier limits drug penetration, and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PD-L1 remains a challenge. This paper discusses the expression of PD-L1 in PCNS-DLBCL and its relationship to prognosis, the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb and other drugs, and possible predictive markers of efficacy to provide a basis for anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 mAb therapy, and the future of targeted PD-L1 therapy to achieve a high remission rate and individualized immunotherapy for PCNSL patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1647045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:13:06Z","timestamp":1758859986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Targeting PD-L1 for PCNS-DLBCL: from molecular effects to clinical 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