{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:28:21Z","timestamp":1785792501234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BCa) remains a significant global health challenge with rising incidence and suboptimal outcomes in advanced stages. Although immunotherapy for urological cancers is not a new treatment, recent clinical advances have confirmed the value of immunotherapy as a urological cancer treatment. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, increasing attention has been focused on the use of cancer vaccines that activate T cells to target growing tumors. Despite Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) intravesical immunotherapy serving as the first-line treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), its limitations, including systemic toxicity, BCG unresponsiveness, and rapid bladder clearance-necessitate novel therapeutic strategies. This descriptive review synthesizes recent advances in BCG optimization and emerging cancer vaccines for BCa, including peptides, antigen-presenting cells, viruses, or nucleic acids, that seeks to stimulate the patient\u2019s immune response targeting tumor cells. Our study underscores the transformative potential of next-generation vaccines in redefining BCa management while addressing critical barriers to implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:13:07Z","timestamp":1758859987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bladder cancer immunotherapy parallel advances in BCG optimization and next-generation vaccine platforms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fengshuo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanshan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Soerjomataram I and Jemal A. 2024 Global cancer statistics. 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA. 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