{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:17:42Z","timestamp":1787753862099,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004024","name":"Jinan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex syndrome with multiple risk factors that can lead to acute respiratory failure and, in turn, high morbidity and mortality. To clarify the syndrome\u2019s underlying pathomechanisms and develop novel therapies, we have summarized and analyzed a series of chief cause-induced animal models of ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although various animal models have been developed to represent the traits of human ARDS based on clinical symptoms and the yardstick of positive clinical trials, each model has unique features that reflect only part of the characteristics modeled. In response, this review aims to investigate characteristics of ARDS in current animal models and offers new strategies and insights for developing animal models aimed at capturing the features of human ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review summarizes the physiological characteristics of animals used in models of ARDS and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the chief cause-induced models for modeling human ARDS in animals, for results that can inform the establishment, assessment, and experimental study of ARDS in animal models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1649074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T06:35:34Z","timestamp":1765434934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome: one-hit and two-hit establishment application"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangran","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linliang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixia","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatitao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2023.102196","article-title":"Pulmonary drug delivery for acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Fei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medine.2023.01.001","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a definition on the line","volume":"47","author":"Gonzalez-Castro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Intensiva (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5669","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Force","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706","article-title":"The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. 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