{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:42:27Z","timestamp":1783960947435,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune reconstitution is a critical parameter in successful hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and involves different cell types and a microenvironment including cytokines. Natural killer (NK) cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are known to repopulate early after HCT and are proposed to have the intriguing capacity of mediating graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects without accompanying graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) are key homeostatic cytokines, with effects on both T and NK cells, making these cytokines especially interesting in an HCT setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, we investigated associations between IL-15 and IL-7, NK cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, including activated subtypes, and clinical outcomes. We included 105 patients undergoing allogeneic HCT at a single-center institution. IL-15, IL-7, and extended T and NK cell phenotyping were measured longitudinally at fixed time points following HCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found high IL-15 concentrations early post-transplant to be significantly associated with reduced overall survival, reduced relapse-free survival, and excess acute GVHD. Furthermore, IL-15 showed significant inverse correlations with NK cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, including activated subtypes early after HCT, and with conventional T cells at later time points. IL-7 was significantly inversely correlated not only with conventional T cells but also with \u03b3\u03b4 T cells early after HCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings may suggest that early immune reconstitution of NK cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells is influenced by the bioavailability of IL-15 after HCT and that IL-15 could have a mechanistic effect in the activity of these innate effector cells. NK cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are currently being investigated in several promising treatment settings, and IL-15 here may offer a potential benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1649313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:31:35Z","timestamp":1770013895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interleukin-15 and innate effector cells as predictors of outcome in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Warny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Danish Red Blood Cell Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisse Rye","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren Lykke","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone Smidstrup","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian Thomas","family":"Kornblit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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