{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T19:43:32Z","timestamp":1783712612273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) are acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADSs) that are increasingly recognised in paediatric care. They share clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, but they differ in prognosis and management, as POMS is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder, whereas MOGAD is not. Early POMS diagnosis is essential to limit disability accumulation. Thus, early identification of these syndromes is key to their adequate management and family counselling and improving the outcome. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemistry and cell count, oligoclonal band, IgG index, and serum MOG antibodies, together with brain and spine MRI, are the most valuable diagnostic biomarkers for differential diagnosis. However, it is not always possible to rely on these specific biomarkers to correctly identify these syndromes, especially at disease onset. In this perspective, metabolomic and lipidomic analyses have recently gained ground as a novel diagnostic approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, high-sensitivity shotgun mass spectrometry was used to characterise the CSF metabolome and lipidome of children with MOGAD and POMS disorders compared with the CSF of children with non-demyelinating diseases used as controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identification of 128 CSF hydrophilic metabolites and 210 lipids revealed characteristic changes in the relative metabolic concentrations in MOGAD compared with POMS, mainly related to the energy metabolism pathways. The lipidomic profile revealed the accumulation of the plasmalogens phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cholesterol esters as specific features of the lipid metabolic derangement. In this exploratory cohort, POMS showed higher very-long-chain PE and triglyceride (TG) signal intensities after false discovery rate (FDR) correction and effect size evaluation; however, these trends require confirmation in larger, independent cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By exploring the CSF metabolomic profile, we demonstrated the usefulness of broad-range omic analysis as a fast and reliable method of biomarker discovery in children with demyelinating neurological disorders at the onset of the disease, which may be a valuable diagnostic complement to the existing biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:21Z","timestamp":1767335301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic signatures in paediatric MOGAD and POMS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Piera","family":"De Gaspari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Nosadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mariotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Assandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Trabatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Simonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547","article-title":"International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: Revisions to the 2007 definitions","volume":"19","author":"Krupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200183","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200183","article-title":"Timing of MOG-igG testing is key to 2023 MOGAD diagnostic criteria","volume":"11","author":"Forcadela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101452","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases","volume":"37","author":"Wildner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26502","article-title":"MOG and AQP4 antibodies among children with multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"93","author":"Gaudioso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4601","article-title":"Disease course and treatment responses in children with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013Associated disease","volume":"75","author":"Hacohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8251","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098251","article-title":"The state of the art of pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Teleanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14071319","article-title":"Genetic basis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum","volume":"14","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2022.01.004","article-title":"Metabolomics as a promising tool for improving understanding of multiple sclerosis: A review of recent advances","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11772719211013352","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719211013352","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis biomarker discoveries by proteomics and metabolomics approaches","volume":"16","author":"Jafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"biomark Insights"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03733-2","article-title":"An emerging potential of metabolomics in multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive overview","volume":"78","author":"Zahoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1043723","article-title":"The study of neural antibodies in neurology: A practical summary","volume":"13","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fournier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1605-3","article-title":"Urinary metabolomics reveals kynurenine pathway perturbation in newborns with transposition of great arteries after surgical repair","volume":"15","author":"Simonato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00841","article-title":"Detection methods for autoantibodies in suspected autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Ricken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0082-2","article-title":"Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis Chemical Analysis Working Group (CAWG) Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI)","volume":"3","author":"Sumner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15356","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15356","article-title":"Histidine provides long-term neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia through promoting astrocyte migration","volume":"5","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.04.042","article-title":"The effect of histidine\u00a0on\u00a0mental fatigue and cognitive performance in subjects with high fatigue and sleep disruption scores","volume":"147","author":"Sasahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043542","article-title":"Seasonal changes in serum metabolites in multiple sclerosis relapse","volume":"24","author":"Martynova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2019.1611786","article-title":"Serum histidine is lower in fatigued women with multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Loy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fatigue Biomed Heal Behav"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144083","article-title":"Comparative analysis of serum amino acid profiles in patients with myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Ko\u015bli\u0144ski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.10.009","article-title":"Skeletal muscle dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: A physiological target for improving physical function and mobility","volume":"104","author":"Willingham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.002","article-title":"Altered glutamate clearance in ascorbate deficient mice increases seizure susceptibility and contributes to cognitive impairment in APP\/PSEN1 mice","volume":"71","author":"Mi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.11.017","article-title":"Low brain ascorbic acid increases susceptibility to seizures in mouse models of decreased brain ascorbic acid transport and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"110","author":"Warner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020448","article-title":"Fatal epileptic seizures in mice having compromised glutathione and ascorbic acid biosynthesis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03058-x","article-title":"Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.249","article-title":"The mitochondrial citrate carrier: metabolic role and regulation of its activity and expression","volume":"61","author":"Gnoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02305-w","article-title":"Altered substrate metabolism in neurodegenerative disease: new insights from metabolic imaging","volume":"18","author":"Cleland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82999-z","article-title":"Exploring fatty acid metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the key role of CPT1A","volume":"14","author":"Ju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.788695","article-title":"Lipid metabolism influence on neurodegenerative disease progression: is the vehicle as important as the cargo","volume":"14","author":"Estes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00301","article-title":"The emerging role of energy metabolism and neuroprotective strategies in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"B\u0142aszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-020-01278-3","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism and multiple sclerosis: progress and prospects","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181758","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of CSF in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder by nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12912","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612912","article-title":"Alterations of oligodendrocyte and myelin energy metabolism in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"L\u00f3pez-Muguruza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1575022","article-title":"Neuroimmune crosstalk in chronic neuroinflammation: microglial interactions and immune modulation","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01749-6","article-title":"Oligodendroglial fatty acid metabolism as a central nervous system energy reserve","volume":"27","author":"Asadollahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16271","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216271","article-title":"Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid amino and fatty acids in early stages of multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"\u017did\u00f3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8314","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178314","article-title":"Altered lipid metabolism in CNS demyelination and remyelination are key elements driving progressive MS","volume":"26","author":"Matejuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333774","article-title":"CSF sphingolipids are correlated with neuroinflammatory cytokines and differentiate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081097","article-title":"Changes in lipid profile between flare and remission of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Urquizu-Padilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01230","article-title":"Triglyceride level is an independent risk factor in first-attacked neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/567162","article-title":"New markers of early cardiovascular risk in multiple sclerosis patients: oxidized-LDL correlates with clinical staging","volume":"34","author":"Palavra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010207","article-title":"Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47906-x","article-title":"Lipid profile of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis patients: a potential tool for diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Nogueras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep 2019"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12767","article-title":"Preventive and therapeutic potential of ascorbic acid in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"23","author":"Moretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109889","article-title":"Neuronal cholesterol synthesis is essential for repair of chronically demyelinated lesions in mice","volume":"37","author":"Berghoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102233","article-title":"Altered lipidomic and metabolomic status in cerebrospinal fluid of children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder","volume":"44","author":"Chong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4222","article-title":"Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine","volume":"22","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.71","article-title":"Spermidine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inducing inhibitory macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008167","article-title":"Spermidine and resveratrol induce autophagy by distinct pathways converging on the acetylproteome","volume":"192","author":"Morselli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.07.009","article-title":"Modulation of cellular function by polyamines","volume":"42","author":"Igarashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0507-y","article-title":"Spermidine\/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase ablation impacts tauopathy-induced polyamine stress response","volume":"11","author":"Sandusky-Beltran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Res Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.07.024","article-title":"Pre-analytical stability of novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers","volume":"497","author":"Willemse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515690X241293114","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X241293114","article-title":"The effects of coffee\/caffeine in patients with multiple sclerosis; A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Salekzamani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Evidence-Based Integr Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00133","article-title":"The impact of coffee and caffeine on multiple sclerosis compared to other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"5","author":"Herden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal","year":"1991"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.2.1023","article-title":"Differentiation of axon-related Schwann cells in vitro. I. Ascorbic acid regulates basal lamina assembly and myelin formation","volume":"105","author":"Eldridge","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/539854","article-title":"Comparison of antioxidant status and vitamin D levels between multiple sclerosis patients and healthy matched subjects","volume":"2014","author":"Hejazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10284150290029205","article-title":"Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Besler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189207","article-title":"Metabolomics in multiple sclerosis: advances, challenges, and clinical perspectives\u2014A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Smusz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.874121","article-title":"Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis compared with healthy controls: A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"\u017did\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105034","article-title":"Dual positivity for anti-MOG and oligoclonal bands: Unveiling unique clinical profiles and implications","volume":"79","author":"Ganelin-Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650785\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:22Z","timestamp":1767335302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650785\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650785","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"1650785"}}