{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:56:04Z","timestamp":1793987764072,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82372573, 82072551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372573, 82072551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global mortality, characterized by chronic inflammation and abnormal immune responses in the lower airways. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of immune function in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD. The disease is characterized by abnormal immune responses in the lower respiratory tract, with its progression associated with the infiltration of innate and adaptive inflammatory immune cells into the lungs and the formation of lymphoid follicles, mediated by cytokines and inflammasomes. Increasing evidence suggests that cell-mediated immunity has an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD, which is characterized by immune senescence leading to decreased resistance to infection, enhanced neutrophil and macrophage activation, T-cell infiltration, and aberrant B-cell activity, all of which combine to contribute to airway inflammation and lung injury in patients with COPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to explore the pivotal role of the immune system in COPD and its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed, categorized, and summarized literature on immunity and COPD published in the last five years from Web of Science and PubMed databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study elucidates the pivotal role of immune dysregulation in COPD pathogenesis, particularly the dysfunctional transition from innate to adaptive immunity. We delineate how specific immune cell populations\u2014including macrophages, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes\u2014contribute to sustained airway inflammation and lung injury in COPD through aberrant activation, infiltration, and impaired function. Mechanistically, key features of this dysregulation involve aberrant cytokine signaling pathways and defective resolution of inflammation. These insights reveal potential therapeutic targets for immunomodulatory strategies aimed at interrupting the chronic inflammatory cascade, restoring immune homeostasis, and mitigating infection susceptibility in COPD. Promising approaches highlighted include targeting specific cytokines, modulating macrophage polarization states, and enhancing mucosal immune defenses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1651808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1760592789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Immune cell regulatory networks in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanistic analysis from innate to adaptive immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidie","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinliao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00461-7","article-title":"GOLD COPD report: 2024 update [J","volume":"12","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S246219","article-title":"Innate immunity and cell surface receptors in the pathogenesis of COPD: insights from mouse smoking models [J","volume":"15","author":"De Cunto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chronic Obstruct Pulm Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02557-2021","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses and protein homeostasis in COPD: the immunoproteasome [J","volume":"59","author":"Polverino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02657-2","article-title":"The complement cascade in lung injury and disease [J","volume":"25","author":"Detsika","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0913-8","article-title":"PD-L1, FGFR1, PIK3CA, PTEN, and p16 expression in pulmonary emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with resected lung squamous cell carcinoma [J","volume":"19","author":"Arimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2023.2222769","article-title":"Exploring the role of neutrophils in infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders [J","volume":"43","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17534666211039769","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666211039769","article-title":"Inhibition of LC3-associated phagocytosis in COPD and in response to cigarette smoke [J","volume":"15","author":"Asare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00192.2022","article-title":"An update in club cell biology and its potential relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J","volume":"324","author":"Blackburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S235054","article-title":"How do innate immune cells contribute to airway remodeling in COPD progression? 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