{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T01:12:58Z","timestamp":1755825178477,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galectin-9 is a \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectin that functions as a critical pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in the host immune system, initiating immune defense responses by recognizing and binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of microorganisms. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel galectin-9 cDNA, designated CcGal-9, from Yellow River carp (<jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio haematopterus<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The full-length CcGal-9 cDNA was cloned and sequenced, and its structural features were analyzed. Tissue distribution of CcGal-9 mRNA was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression changes following <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> infections were evaluated. Recombinant CcGal-9 (rCcGal-9) was expressed in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> BL21 (DE3), purified, and assessed for binding to various PAMPs and microorganisms. Agglutination assays and survival experiments were conducted to determine functional roles in immune defense. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CcGal-9 cDNA is 963 bp in length and encodes a 320-amino acid protein with two distinct carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), characteristic of tandem-repeat type galectins. C<jats:italic>cGal-9<\/jats:italic> mRNA was predominantly expressed in the spleen, testicle, and head kidney, with lower levels in the liver and intestine. Upon bacterial infection, CcGal-9 expression was significantly upregulated in multiple immune-related tissues. Purified rCcGal-9 bound LPS, PGN, mannan, and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and exhibited broad-spectrum agglutination activity. Administration of rCcGal-9 markedly improved the survival rate of carp challenged with A. <jats:italic>hydrophila<\/jats:italic>. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate that CcGal-9 is an important PRR in C. <jats:italic>carpio<\/jats:italic>, contributing to immune defense against pathogenic microorganisms through PAMP recognition and microbial agglutination. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-mediated immunity in teleost fish. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1654890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:12:16Z","timestamp":1755749536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of galectin-9 and its antibacterial function in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio 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