{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:02:26Z","timestamp":1788184946844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piast\u00f3w Slaskich we Wroclawiu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBK.A500.25.028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.A500.25.028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, advancements in the classification of renal allograft pathology have led to a notable increase in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). Particular attention has been given to microvascular inflammation (MVI), a subcategory of ABMR that was reappraised in the Banff 2022 classification. Recognizing a significant discrepancy between the number of patients testing positive for donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) and those clinically diagnosed with ABMR, this study aims to explore the potential role of non-HLA antibodies, specifically, antibodies against the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), in the development of MVI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical and pathological data from 167 kidney transplant recipients. MVI was diagnosed histologically based on biopsy findings, specifically a glomerulitis score (g) &amp;gt; 0 and\/or peritubular capillaritis (ptc) &amp;gt; 0. Based on these criteria, two patient cohorts were identified: 88 patients without MVI and 79 patients with MVI. Statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate methods, including chi-square tests, Student\u2019s t-tests, and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests. Additionally, complementary analyses utilizing artificial intelligence techniques such as correlation analysis, logistic regression and association rule mining were applied to maximize insights from the dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with MVI demonstrated a statistically significantly higher prevalence of AT1R antibodies compared to those without MVI. The finding was confirmed by both traditional statistical methods and artificial intelligence analysis. Furthermore, the MVI-positive cohort exhibited a higher frequency of C4d positivity compared to patients without MVI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of AT1R antibodies may be associated with the development of microvascular inflammation, potentially contributing to allograft injury in a subset of cases of kidney transplant recipients. High AT1R abs titers (&amp;gt;12 U\/ml) were particularly important, while lower levels did not show the meaningful association. These findings underscore the importance of broadening immunologic surveillance beyond conventional anti-HLA antibody screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1659939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:19:10Z","timestamp":1760588350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies as a contributor to microvascular inflammation in kidney transplant recipients: insights from statistical and artificial intelligence based 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