{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1762838047547,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Inflammation is a critical defense against pathogens but can impair iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, potentially causing or exacerbating anemia during infection. However, the ecological and evolutionary relevance of this trade-off remains poorly understood. Naturally co-evolved host\u2013parasite systems offer a unique opportunity to explore how inflammatory responses balance the benefits of pathogen control against potential physiological costs. We examined how systemic inflammation affects recovery from hookworm-associated anemia in South American fur seal (\n                    <jats:italic>Arctocephalus australis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) pups, aiming to determine whether inflammation facilitates recovery or imposes hematological constraints. We longitudinally monitored 83 pups over approximately 3 months on Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia, measuring hookworm burden, hematological parameters, iron concentration, and blood cytokines. Seventy-two percent of the pups developed clinical hookworm infection, and 47% of these became anemic. Among anemic pups, 54% recovered from anemia 2 months after infection. Changes in inflammatory markers, but not hookworm burden, iron concentration, or body condition, predicted recovery outcome. Sustained increases in IFN-\u03b3 and neutrophils reduced the likelihood of recovery, while increased IL-10 concentration favored recovery. These effects were independent of plasma iron concentration, although IL-6 was negatively correlated with lower plasma iron. Our findings show that prolonged systemic inflammation impairs recovery from anemia in a wild marine mammal, highlighting a physiological cost of inflammation in early life as a key ecological trade-off between immune defense and hematological resilience in natural host\u2013parasite systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1659969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T05:11:00Z","timestamp":1762837860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic inflammation impairs recovery from hookworm-associated anemia in a wild marine mammal 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