{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:40:48Z","timestamp":1764225648806,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with metastasis and recurrence as the primary determinants of poor prognosis. Despite advances in immunotherapy, intrinsic and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) underscores the need to explore alternative immunomodulatory strategies. Emerging evidence highlights the critical yet dual roles of innate and adaptive immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in either restraining or facilitating metastatic dissemination. Adaptive immunity, dominated by T and B cells, orchestrates context-dependent antitumor responses or immunosuppression, while innate immune dysregulation fosters metastatic niches. We highlight translational opportunities, such as natural killer (NK) cell activation, macrophage reprogramming, and dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, alongside prognostic biomarkers like peripheral NK activity and tryptase\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    mast cell infiltration. This review summarizes the interplay of immune cell subsets, including T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, DCs, NK cells, and mast cells, in lung cancer progression. By synthesizing preclinical and clinical insights, this review identifies unresolved challenges and proposes targeting innate immunity as a promising avenue to augment current therapies and mitigate metastasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1662754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:30:18Z","timestamp":1764225018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting innate and adaptive immunity to suppress lung cancer metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2023.044775","article-title":"Metochalcone induces senescence-associated secretory phenotype via JAK2\/STAT3 pathway in breast cancer","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2023.030771","article-title":"Silencing of the long non-coding RNA LINC00265 triggers autophagy and apoptosis in lung cancer by reducing protein stability of SIN3A oncogene","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2163805","article-title":"The relationship between adjuvant radiotherapy and survival of osteosarcoma: a case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02990-y","article-title":"Recent advances in non-small cell lung cancer targeted therapy; an update review","volume":"23","author":"Araghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-024-00700-2","article-title":"Primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC: from bedside to bench and back","volume":"39","author":"Mariniello","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03101","article-title":"Immune cell composition in human non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Stankovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2023.042309","article-title":"Identification of lncRNAs associated with T cells as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1102778","article-title":"T lymphocyte cell: A pivotal player in lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.8.4671","article-title":"Variation of blood T lymphocyte subgroups in patients with non- small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507283","article-title":"CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2017.69305","article-title":"The role of regulatory T cells and genes involved in their differentiation in pathogenesis of selected inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. 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