{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:21:07Z","timestamp":1789906867500,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      S19 vaccine remains the global reference standard for bovine brucellosis prevention. This study comprehensively evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of S19 at a dose of 4 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      colony-forming units (CFU) in cattle and buffalo calves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 180 female calves (90 cattle and 90 buffalo calves) aged 4\u20138 months were equally distributed across six postvaccination intervals (15 animals\/group\/species for days postvaccination [DPV] intervals: DPV &amp;lt; 21, 21\u201345, 46\u201360, 61\u201390, 91\u2013120, and &amp;gt; 120 days). All calves were confirmed seronegative for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) prior to vaccination. Vaccinated animals were monitored for 3 weeks for adverse effects. Humoral immunity was assessed using RBPT and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT); antibody isotypes immunoglobulin M (IgM)\/immunoglobulin G (IgG) were quantified by indirect ELISA, cytokines tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by competitive inhibition ELISA, while IL-12, IL-1\u03b2, and interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) were quantified using high-sensitivity sandwich ELISAs. All samples were processed by cold centrifugation (4\u00b0C) and stored at \u2212 20\u00b0C until analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No local\/systemic reactions were observed, confirming safety. Significant humoral responses (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) peaked at DPV interval &amp;lt; 21 (SAT: 640 IU\/mL), declining gradually but persisting beyond 120 DPV. Cattle calves showed faster IgM-to-IgG switching (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), with peak IgM (179.2 \u00b1 5.5\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 163.7 \u00b1 5.9) and IgG (220.6 \u00b1 13.9\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 187.5 \u00b1 9.5) in cattle versus buffalo calves. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-1\u03b2) and IL-10 peaked at DPV interval 46\u201360 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). IFN-\u03b3 (Th1 marker) peaked earlier, at DPV interval 21\u201345 (cattle 307.7 pg\/mL \u00b1 13.4 pg\/mL\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . buffalo 274.2 pg\/mL \u00b1 11.7 pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), indicating robust CMI. All comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA (GraphPad Prism 10), with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      S19 at 4 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/dose safely induces durable humoral and cellular immunity in both species, with cattle mounting faster adaptive responses than buffaloes. The comprehensive immune profile supports its use as an effective vaccination strategy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T06:30:02Z","timestamp":1762756202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of immune responses to Brucella abortus S19 vaccination in cattle and buffaloes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rajeswari","family":"Shome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhakar","family":"Yallanur Konda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somy","family":"Skariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gandu","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen Kumar Attiganahalli","family":"Muninarayanaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan Kalyan","family":"Nagaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirti","family":"Megha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanditha","family":"Thimmappa Rajeshwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagalingam","family":"Mohandoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2025.113845","article-title":"Chimeric protein A\/G conjugate based lateral flow assay for the rapid detection of brucellosis in multiple animal species","volume":"539","author":"Shome","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Brucellosis (infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis)","volume-title":"Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050942","article-title":"Facing the human and animal brucellosis conundrums: the forgotten lessons","volume":"10","author":"Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110505","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, immunobiology, genomics and proteomics insights into bovine brucellosis","volume":"305","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004853","article-title":"Brucella abortus induces the premature death of human neutrophils through the action of its lipopolysaccharide","volume":"11","author":"Barquero-Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BAI","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0001-2018","article-title":"The intracellular life cycle of Brucella spp","volume":"7","author":"Celli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111450","article-title":"Immune responses potentially involved in the gestational complications of Brucella infection","volume":"12","author":"Zavattieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.3.1258","article-title":"Immune response of buffaloes to vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19","volume":"19","author":"Afzal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.12.010","article-title":"A systematic review of current immunological tests for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis","volume":"151","author":"Ducrotoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"The bovine immune response following","author":"MacMillan","year":"1999"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2019.1613794","article-title":"Cytokines in brucellosis: biological rhythm at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"52","author":"Priyanka, Shringi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol  Rhythm Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2022.1.0033","article-title":"Immune response and recent advances in diagnosis and control of brucellosis","volume-title":"Ger J Vet Res","author":"Elrashedy","year":"2022"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020163","article-title":"Buffalo immune competence under infectious and non-infectious stressors","volume":"15","author":"Ciliberti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Water buffalo microbiota and immunity during infectious diseases","author":"Catozzi","year":""},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1122-1130","article-title":"Management of bovine brucellosis in organized dairy herds through the identification of risk factors: A cross-sectional study from Karnataka, India","volume":"16","author":"Shome","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the immune responses against reduced doses of Brucella abortus S19 (calfhood) vaccine in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), India","volume":"38","author":"Shome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2023.2228355","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in India: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Jaismon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00229-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of brucellosis by serology","volume":"90","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1598","article-title":"Comparison of serologic tests for detection of Brucella infections in cattle and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"63","author":"Fosgate","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009102","article-title":"Epidemiology of brucellosis in cattle and dairy farmers of rural Ludhiana, Punjab","volume":"15","author":"Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.3.88","article-title":"Indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of brucellosis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Italy","volume":"149","author":"Guarino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357235","article-title":"An evaluation of serologic tests used to diagnose brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"24","author":"Nicoletti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Anim Hlth Prod"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.3.4.472-476.1996","article-title":"Humoral immune response against lipopolysaccharide and cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella abortus in cattle vaccinated with B. abortus S19 or experimentally infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9","volume":"3","author":"Baldi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v86i2.55773","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of reduced dose Brucella abortus strain-19 vaccine in non-pregnant zebu cattle (Bos indicus) heifers","volume":"86","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2018.1555167","article-title":"Differential expression of cytokines in PBMC of Bos indicus and Bos taurus \u00d7 Bos indicus cattle due to Brucella abortus S19 antigen","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96766-z","article-title":"Bovine innate immune phenotyping via a standardized whole blood stimulation assay","volume":"11","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.280477","article-title":"A study on some serological and immunological parameters in Brucella infected bovines","volume":"55","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alex J Vet Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-021-03213-4","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and oxidative stress biomarkers in cows with acute Brucella abortus infection","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18006\/2018.6(4).739.745","article-title":"Evaluation of immune response against reduced dose of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine administered through conjunctival route in cattle","volume":"6","author":"Chaithra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Livest Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.925773","article-title":"Evaluation of brucellosis vaccines: A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Heidary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/1393722","article-title":"Dynamic modeling of prevention and control of brucellosis in China: A Systematic Review","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.10.006","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis","volume":"26","author":"Olsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin Food Anim"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00255-9","article-title":"Brucellosis vaccines: past, present and future","volume":"90","author":"Schurig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.105858","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of fluorescence polarization assay and competitive ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis vis-a-vis sero-monitoring","volume":"170","author":"Kalleshamurthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03519-1","article-title":"Evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis in dairy cattle herds in an endemic area: a multicenter study","volume":"55","author":"Alamian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Anim Hlth Prod"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T06:30:04Z","timestamp":1762756204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1663259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"article-number":"1663259"}}