{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:38:27Z","timestamp":1783726707900,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has subsided, vaccine response profiling in patients with cancer remains critical. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We longitudinally assessed humoral and cellular immunity in adults with solid tumours treated with chemotherapy (ChT) or non-ChT regimens after two mRNA vaccine doses plus booster, compared with vaccinated cancer-free controls, naturally infected (convalescent) subjects including both patients with cancer and cancer-free individuals, and unvaccinated\/uninfected individuals with or without cancer as a baseline reference. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-Spike IgG titres matched cancer-free controls, but anti-RBD titres and neutralising activity were consistently lower in cancer post-vaccination, most markedly with ChT, and declined faster over 4-6 months. Boosters restored IgG, yet gains were smaller in ChT recipients. Cellular analyses revealed sustained and booster-enhanced Spike-specific B cells in all groups; however, ChT exposure was associated with reduced CD27 expression on these cells, suggesting impaired activation and memory maturation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings support tailored immune monitoring and vaccination strategies in oncology and identify CD27 downregulation as a novel B-cell dysfunction detected by high-dimensional immunophenotyping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1664072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T05:29:42Z","timestamp":1758778182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of chemotherapy on humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid 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