{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:51:12Z","timestamp":1792687872978,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) are chronic immune-mediated mucosal disorders with heterogeneous clinical presentations. While T cell-mediated mechanisms have been extensively studied, the role of humoral immunity, particularly B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation, remains insufficiently understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      RNA sequencing datasets from healthy oral mucosa and OLP lesions were integrated and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes. Consensus clustering based on a validated tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) signature genes (TSGs) was used to define immune subtypes. Associations with clinical severity and recurrence were validated in an independent RNA-seq cohort. Immunohistochemistry analysis of CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells and CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasma cells was conducted in a separate clinical cohort of OLP\/OLL patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on TSGs, two immune subtypes were identified: Subtype A was enriched for\n                      <jats:italic>CCL3, IL2RA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1R2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Subtype B exhibited elevated expression of humoral activation markers\n                      <jats:italic>IRF4<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TNFRSF17<\/jats:italic>\n                      and enrichment of B cell-related pathways. Transcriptomic features of Subtype B were significantly associated with erosive and recurrent OLP cases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells were enriched in TLS-like structures (P &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasma cells were closely linked to erosive phenotypes (P = 0.038).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TLS-associated B cell maturation and plasma cell infiltration define a humoral activation axis linked to unfavorable clinical outcomes in OLP\/OLL. The presence of activated B cells and plasma cells correlates with erosive and recurrent disease phenotypes, highlighting their potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improving disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1667976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:31:29Z","timestamp":1761111089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Humoral immune activation within tertiary lymphoid structures is correlated with poor outcomes in oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhe","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112144-20211115-00505","article-title":"Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of oral lichen planus (revision)","volume":"57","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1279220","article-title":"What can we learn from treatments of oral lichen planus","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83981","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83981","article-title":"CD8(+) tissue-resident memory T cells induce oral lichen planus erosion via cytokine network","volume":"12","author":"Qing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.57688","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus: risk factors of Malignant transformation and follow up. 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