{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:40:06Z","timestamp":1763707206594,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthcare workers in resource-limited settings are frequently exposed to SARS-CoV-2, often with incomplete vaccine coverage. Yet, their adaptive immune responses remain poorly characterized in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a multicenter study involving 36 healthcare workers with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (83.3% vaccinated) and 40 strictly unvaccinated, COVID-19-na\u00efve controls from three university hospitals in Abidjan. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. IgM and IgG were measured by ELFA (Mini VIDAS\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), neutralizing antibodies with CHORUS TRIO\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry, and Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokines using bead-based multiplex assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infected participants showed strong antibody production at baseline. IgG levels were closely linked to neutralizing activity (\u03c1 = 0.83;\n                      <jats:italic>p &amp;lt; 0.0001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell counts correlated with IL-2 (\u03c1 = 0.71;\n                      <jats:italic>p &amp;lt; 0.0001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). We observed early activation across Th1 (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1), Th2 (IL-4, IL-10), and Th17 (IL-17A) pathways. IL-17A levels were higher in asymptomatic individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>p = 0.031<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Over time, IgM and pro-inflammatory cytokines declined, while IgG remained stable and regulatory cytokines rose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cohort developed a broad immune response involving antibodies, T cells, and cytokines. The IL-17A pattern seen in asymptomatic cases may reflect effective mucosal control. These findings contribute essential data from a region where immune profiling remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1669517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1763706583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coordinated kinetics of humoral, T-cell, and cytokine responses to SARS-COV-2 in West African healthcare workers: a multicenter longitudinal study in university hospitals of Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amah Patricia Victorine","family":"Goran-Kouacou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oppong Richard","family":"Y\u00e9boah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yida 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