{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1768486565353,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fatty\u2212acid metabolism (FAM) is rewired in bladder cancer (BLCA), yet its impact on intratumoral diversity and patient outcome is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize FAM heterogeneity, we integrated spatial and single-cell transcriptomic approaches. We employed high-dimensional weighted correlation network analysis (hdWGCNA) alongside five distinct enrichment methods (ssGSEA, AddModuleScore, AUCell, singscore, and UCell) to identify modules with elevated FAM activity. Subsequently, machine learning algorithms were applied to bulk RNA sequencing datasets to pinpoint the key gene with highest predictive value. This candidate underwent validation through functional experiments and analysis of clinical specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malignant epithelial cells displayed the strongest FAM activity. Cross\u2212platform scoring and co\u2212expression analysis produced a refined high\u2212FAM gene set. Integrating this signature with bulk datasets singled out PRDX1 as a key driver. PRDX1 was up\u2212regulated in tumors, predicted poorer prognosis, and was enriched in malignant epithelial cells. Silencing PRDX1 curtailed BLCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PRDX1 emerges as a FAM\u2212linked oncogenic biomarker that fosters BLCA progression. These findings define the metabolic hierarchy of BLCA and nominate PRDX1 as a candidate target for personalized therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1669822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:24:48Z","timestamp":1757568288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-omics dissection of fatty acid metabolism heterogeneity identifies PRDX1 as a prognostic marker in bladder 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