{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:34:39Z","timestamp":1784126079619,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The probiotic\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      GG (LGG) elicits immunomodulatory actions facilitating the immune tolerance acquisition in children with cow\u2019s milk allergy (CMA). Emerging data suggest that heat-inactivated LGG postbiotic (LGGp) could improve gut health and immune function. We investigated the tolerogenic actions elicited by LGGp against CMA in human cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from IgE-mediated CMA children (n=6, all Caucasian, mean age 31.2 months) were stimulated with beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) in the absence or presence of LGGp. Activated regulatory T cells (Tregs)number was assessed by flowcytometry. Growth factors and cytokines modulating interleukins (IL) production were assessed by RT-PCR. IL-4, 5, 13 and 10 production was assessed by ELISA. The LGGp effects on gut barrier were evaluated using a Caco-2 cells-based experimental model by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); tight junction proteins, Mucin-2 (Muc-2), and lactase expression; and FITC dextran permeability,<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LGGp exposure resulted in Tregs activation and beneficial modulation of cytokines production in PBMCs from CMA patients. These effects paralleled with beneficial effects on all biomarkers of gut barrier integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that LGGp, modulating several immune tolerance mechanisms, could be a promising therapeutic strategy against CMA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1671729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1768196713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Postbiotic effects elicited by heat-inactivated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against cow\u2019s milk allergy in human 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