{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:57:13Z","timestamp":1790996233065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most intracellular proteins undergo degradation by proteasomes, which exist in constitutive, immune, and intermediate forms. The diversity arises from the presence of different catalytic \u03b2 subunits incorporated into the 20S core particle. Constitutive proteasomes contain \u03b21, \u03b22 and \u03b25 subunits, whereas immunoproteasomes integrate \u03b21i, \u03b22i and \u03b25i proteins. Intermediate proteasomes comprise combinations of constitutive and immune subunits, but typically lack the \u03b22i subunit. Distinct proteasome configurations have widespread impact on cellular metabolism, gene expression, immune signaling, stress adaptation and tumorigenesis. However, the biological functions of proteasome subtypes remain incompletely defined, underscoring the need for refined experimental systems to uncover their specific activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previously, we generated cancer cell lines expressing mCherry-tagged \u03b25i subunit under the control of endogenous regulatory elements. Using CRISPR\/Cas9 nickase technology, we further modified the genomes of the colon adenocarcinoma SW620B8-mCherry and cervical adenocarcinoma TZM-blB8-mCherry cells. In SW620B8-mCherryB5-GFP cells, the\n                      <jats:italic>eGFP<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was inserted at the 3\u2019 end of the\n                      <jats:italic>PSMB5<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, which encodes the \u03b25 subunit. Similarly, the \u03b22i-encoding gene (\n                      <jats:italic>PSMB10<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was fused with the photo-switchable cyan fluorescent protein gene (\n                      <jats:italic>PS-CFP2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in TZM-blB8-mCherryB10-CFP cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Efficient integration of fluorescent protein-encoding sequences into target genomes provided robust expression and integration of chimeric subunits into proteasomes. In TZM-blB8-mCherryB10-CFP cells, photo-conversion of PS-CFP2 allowed visualization of both intermediate and immunoproteasomes within the cellular nuclei following treatment with IFN-\u03b3\/TNF. In SW620B8-mCherryB5-GFP cells, analysis of intracellular proteasome localization revealed discrete regions enriched in \u03b25i-containing proteasomes. Moreover, IFN-\u03b3\/TNF exposure induced a fluorescence shift from green to red, accompanied by redistribution of intracellular proteasomes in SW620B8-mCherryB5-GFP cells. Multiphoton microscopy of tumors grafted into immunocompromised mice showed the formation of \u03b25i-containing, proteasome-enriched inclusions and suggested their potential release from cancer cells. Collectively, the TZM-blB8-mCherryB10-CFP cell line provides a tool to interrogate immunoproteasome functions independently of intermediate proteasomes, whereas SW620B8-mCherryB5-GFP cells enable visual discrimination between constitutive and \u03b25i-containing proteasomes both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generated cell lines provide a novel platform for dissecting proteasome functions, addressing the distinct properties of individual proteasome forms, and assessing the impact of diverse compounds on the proteasome repertoire in cultured cells and in tumor xenografts.<\/jats:p>\n                  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