{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:59:07Z","timestamp":1791806347009,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of immune tolerance, leading to the production of autoantibodies and widespread organ damage. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines play critical roles in driving inflammation and tissue injury in SLE. IL-17 and IL-23 have been identified as key mediators in disease progression, with ongoing clinical trials assessing the efficacy of their inhibitors. Additionally, cytokines like IL-10 and IL-22 exhibit dual roles, influencing both pathogenic and protective immune responses. While targeted therapies have shown clinical promise, challenges related to safety and long-term efficacy persist. Emerging targets such as MIF and IL-39 offer new insights into disease mechanisms. This review summarizes the immunoregulatory functions of these cytokines, focusing on their contributions to disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies, highlighting the importance of cytokine in SLE treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:26Z","timestamp":1762496666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cytokine networks and therapeutic advances in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zeping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shupei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30330","article-title":"An overview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, classification, and management","volume":"14","author":"Ameer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1157149","article-title":"Brain-reactive autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Cocco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13448","article-title":"The role of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematous","volume":"291","author":"Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520926882","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520926882","article-title":"Cytokine clusters as potential diagnostic markers of disease activity and renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197100","article-title":"Blocking IL-17: A promising strategy in the treatment of systemic rheumatic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Rafael-Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415998","article-title":"Unraveling the link between interferon-\u03b1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: from the molecular mechanisms to target therapies","volume":"23","author":"Infante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17355","article-title":"The role of TNF-\u03b1 as a potential marker for acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"51","author":"Jinshan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-000962","article-title":"Differential expression of IFN-\u03b1, IL-12 and BAFF on renal immune cells and its relevance to disease activity and treatment responsiveness in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"10","author":"Nawata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317716321","article-title":"Interferon alpha gene expression and serum level association with low vitamin D levels in Egyptian female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Abdel Galil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208562","article-title":"Sifalimumab, an anti-interferon-\u03b1 monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"75","author":"Khamashta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-006-0037-0","article-title":"Molecular and cellular basis for pathogenicity of autoantibodies: lessons from murine monoclonal autoantibodies","volume":"28","author":"Baudino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04717-4","article-title":"C-terminal truncation of IFN-\u03b3 inhibits proinflammatory macrophage responses and is deficient in autoimmune disease","volume":"9","author":"Dufour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00811","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in autoantibody defined subgroups of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Torell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01554-6","article-title":"Role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Bolouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1111005","article-title":"The effect of combining PD-1 agonist and low-dose Interleukin-2 on treating systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/rir-2023-0021","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"La Cava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Immunol Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2023.2274574","article-title":"Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases: An update review","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JIRoI"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215396","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"79","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.022","article-title":"IL-2\/anti-IL-2 complexes ameliorate lupus nephritis by expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"91","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701502","article-title":"IL-2-anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody immune complexes inhibit collagen-induced arthritis by augmenting regulatory T cell functions","volume":"201","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2022.100152","article-title":"Selective expansion of regulatory T cells by NKTR-358 in healthy volunteers and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Fanton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100103","article-title":"NKTR-358: A novel regulatory T-cell stimulator that selectively stimulates expansion and suppressive function of regulatory T cells for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Dixit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5098","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor\u2212\u03b1 in systemic lupus erythematosus: Structure, function and therapeutic implications (Review)","volume":"49","author":"Ghorbaninezhad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914413","article-title":"Cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus-focus on TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17","volume":"24","author":"Richter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.08.026","article-title":"The role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Postal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1636-6","article-title":"Elevated plasma level of HMGB1 is associated with disease activity and combined alterations with IFN-\u03b1 and TNF-\u03b1 in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-8993-8","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility or lupus nephritis in Mexican patients","volume":"66","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Bello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7927","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187927","article-title":"Association between tumor necrosis factor polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis as well as systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12008","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112008","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-13 promote proliferation of mammary epithelial cells through STAT6 and IRS-1","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JIJoMS"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ogulur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13230","article-title":"Engineering the IL-4\/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation","volume":"320","author":"Bernstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(03)00096-2","article-title":"Differential effects of interleukin-4 in peptide induced autoimmunity","volume":"108","author":"Deocharan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1097","article-title":"A potential association between IL-3 and type I and III interferons in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Oon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.187107","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) & IL-4 gene polymorphisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) & their association with susceptibility to SLE","volume":"143","author":"Mohammadoo-Khorasani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.09.034","article-title":"Association of interleukin 13 gene polymorphisms and plasma IL 13 level with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Serum and urinary cytokine levels of SLE patients","volume":"67","author":"Brugos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425267","article-title":"Transgene-mediated hyper-expression of IL-5 inhibits autoimmune disease but increases the risk of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a model of murine lupus","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866549","article-title":"T helper 2-associated immunity in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1050-x","article-title":"Whole-genome transcription and DNA methylation analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified aberrant gene regulation pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbre.2016.02.009","article-title":"Characterization of inflammatory markers associated with systemic lupus erythematosus patients undergoing treatment","volume":"56","author":"Tim\u00f3teo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-025-00352-4","article-title":": Discovery of core genes for systemic lupus erythematosus via genome-wide aggregated trans-effects analysis","author":"Iakovliev","year":"2025","journal-title":"JG Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-02916-y","article-title":"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms influence the promoter activities of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated genes","volume":"42","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14191568","article-title":"Serum interleukin-6 in systemic lupus erythematosus: insights into immune dysregulation, disease activity, and clinical manifestations","volume":"14","author":"Richter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27221","article-title":"Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosage-escalation study","volume":"62","author":"Illei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead416","article-title":"Role of IL-6 and IL-6 targeted therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Nepal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00321-0","article-title":"IL-1 and IL-6 inhibition affects the neutralising activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Della-Torre","year":"2021","journal-title":"JTLR"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818814","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.818814","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms driving IL-10-producing B cells functions: STAT3 and c-MAF as underestimated central key regulators","volume":"13","author":"Mich\u00e9e-Cospolite","year":"2022","journal-title":"JFiI"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.970906","article-title":"IL-10 revisited in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"JFiI"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101312","article-title":"Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease","volume":"29","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34604","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34604","article-title":"Clinical associations of IL-10 and IL-37 in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Godsell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2015.1126346","article-title":"Decreased IL-10(+) regulatory B cells (Bregs) in lupus nephritis patients","volume":"45","author":"Heinemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18025","article-title":"BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells","volume":"112","author":"Avery","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1201-1103","article-title":"Plasma cells: finding new light at the end of B cell development","volume":"2","author":"Calame","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917834117","article-title":"Evidence for a pathogenic role of extrafollicular, IL-10-producing CCR6(+)B helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"117","author":"Facciotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067","article-title":"The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions","volume":"14","author":"Carlini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01674-z","article-title":"The star target in SLE: IL-17","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156874","article-title":"IL-17A, IL-23R, FCGR3A are associated with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility in pediatric patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"188","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"JC"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R97","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4277","article-title":"Clinical associations of serum interleukin-17 in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Vincent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105680","article-title":"Interleukin-25 is upregulated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and ameliorates murine lupus by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00773-7","article-title":"Norcantharidin ameliorates the development of murine lupus via inhibiting the generation of IL-17 producing cells","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319891243","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and lupus: enough to be a target? For which patients","volume":"29","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.624971","article-title":"Current insights and future prospects for targeting IL-17 to treat patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Koga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213181","article-title":"REDD1\/autophagy pathway promotes thromboinflammation and fibrosis in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through NETs decorated with tissue factor (TF) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A)","volume":"78","author":"Frangou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106139","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals a potential role for CaMK4 in \u03b3\u03b4T17 cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"80","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320922305","article-title":"et al: Association of interleukin-17A gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Egyptian children and adolescents: a multi-centre study","volume":"29","author":"Elkoumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13010010","article-title":"Immunotherapy strategy for systemic autoimmune diseases: betting on CAR-T cells and antibodies","volume":"13","author":"Chasov","year":"2024","journal-title":"JA"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00749-z","article-title":"Immune cell aberrations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: navigating the targeted therapies toward precision management","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00978-5","article-title":"T cell abnormalities in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an update","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170737","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the differentiation of th17 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.108267","article-title":"Reprograming of peripheral Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell towards Th17-like cell in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"209","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B71","article-title":"Fractalkine mediates lymphocyte inflammation and tubulointerstitial lesions by modifying the Treg\/Th17 balance in lupus-prone MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218824547","article-title":"IL-12 and IL-23\/Th17 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"244","author":"Larosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13012","article-title":"Altered frequency of Th17 and Treg cells in new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1548-y","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide ameliorates renal injury in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model by modulating Th17\/Treg balance","volume":"20","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928359","article-title":"Aberrant expansion of follicular helper T cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425919886643","article-title":"Leptin facilitates the differentiation of Th17 cells from MRL\/Mp-Fas lpr lupus mice by activating NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.654912","article-title":"The th17\/IL-17 axis and kidney diseases, with focus on lupus nephritis","volume":"8","author":"Paquissi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-019-0305-0","article-title":"Low dose of IL-2 combined with rapamycin restores and maintains the long-term balance of Th17\/Treg cells in refractory SLE patients","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00540-4","article-title":"IL-17 sustains the plasma cell response via p38-mediated Bcl-xL RNA stability in lupus pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9401432","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9401432","article-title":"Serum interleukin-23 in polish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with lupus nephritis, obesity, and peripheral vascular disease","volume":"2017","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316682095","article-title":"Serum 25-OH vitamin D level in treatment-na\u00efve systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Relation to disease activity, IL-23 and IL-17","volume":"26","author":"Shahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32167-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, an IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor, in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre, double-blind, phase 2, randomised, controlled study","volume":"392","author":"van Vollenhoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B83","article-title":"Increased interleukin-22 levels in lupus nephritis and its associated with disease severity: a study in both patients and lupus-like mice model","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584414","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.584414","article-title":"Interleukin-22 from type 3 innate lymphoid cells aggravates lupus nephritis by promoting macrophage infiltration in lupus-prone mice","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JFiI"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw111","article-title":"Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection","volume":"74","author":"Valeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00286-x","article-title":"IL-39 promotes chronic graft-versus-host disease by increasing T and B Cell pathogenicity","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546095","article-title":"A novel IL-23p19\/Ebi3 (IL-39) cytokine mediates inflammation in Lupus-like mice","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12840","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-39 [IL-23p19\/Epstein-Barr virus-induced 3 (Ebi3)] induces differentiation\/expansion of neutrophils in lupus-prone mice","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01235-x","article-title":"The IL-23p19\/EBI3 heterodimeric cytokine termed IL-39 remains a theoretical cytokine in man","volume":"68","author":"Bridgewood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40672","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates U1 small nuclear RNP immune complex-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"71","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02229","article-title":"MiRNA regulation of MIF in SLE and attenuation of murine lupus nephritis with miR-654","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1656718","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Bilsborrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04467-8","article-title":"Upregulated expression of STAT3\/IL-17 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12849","article-title":"Tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide ameliorates lupus syndromes by inhibiting IL-17 producing double negative T cells","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17198","article-title":"Secukinumab on refractory lupus nephritis","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"miR-125a-3p decreases levels of interlukin-17 and suppresses renal fibrosis via down-regulating TGF-\u03b21 in systemic lupus erythematosus mediated Lupus nephritic mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13283","article-title":"Serum cytokines to predict systemic lupus erythematosus clinical and serological activity","volume":"15","author":"Moreno-Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:27Z","timestamp":1762496667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"article-number":"1680418"}}