{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:29:12Z","timestamp":1790972952109,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease linked to microbial dysbiosis, while rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Despite their distinct etiologies, a clinical and serological association between PD and RA has been observed. Oral microorganisms, especially <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>), may contribute to RA onset or progression through dissemination to joints or systemic inflammation. This review explores a: the role of oral microbiota and immune responses in RA b; clinical pathogenic pathways from oral pathogens to the joints c; mechanistic studies on the impact of periodontal pathogens on RA; and d. preventive and therapeutic strategies. <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and other periodontal pathogens have been detected in synovial tissues and fluids of RA patients. Microbiome analyses show a more diverse oral microbiota with elevated periodontal disease-associated bacteria in RA patients. Studies demonstrate that <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> can induce citrullination, autoantibody production, and inflammation, exacerbating joint damage. Future research should investigate the impact of periodontal therapy and RA treatments on the oral microbiota, while large-scale clinical trials are needed to validate the causal relationship between periodontal pathogens and RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1681037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:30:04Z","timestamp":1760679004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Periodontopathic bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis: bridging clinical associations to molecular 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