{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:28:37Z","timestamp":1787585317893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K18657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K18657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin-related adverse events (AEs) induced by apalutamide occur frequently in Japanese patients with prostate cancer. However, biomarkers for predicting these skin-related AEs have not yet been identified. Therefore, this study investigated whether the proportion of eosinophils could serve as a predictive biomarker for skin-related AEs in Japanese patients with prostate cancer treated with apalutamide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 109 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 79 patients with prostate cancer who received apalutamide were categorized into two groups: the skin AE group (n = 45) and the non-skin AE group (n = 34), based on whether they experienced skin-related AEs of any grade. The eosinophil proportions in baseline samples collected before treatment were then analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The baseline eosinophil proportion was significantly higher in the skin AE group compared with the non-skin AE group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The optimal cut-off value of the eosinophil proportion for predicting skin-related AEs of any grade was 1.8% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.768). In multivariate analysis, an eosinophil proportion \u22651.8% was identified as an independent factor associated with skin-related AEs of any grade (odds ratio, 13.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.82\u201346.4; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The baseline eosinophil proportion may serve as a predictive biomarker for skin-related AEs of any grade in Japanese patients with prostate cancer treated with apalutamide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1681734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T05:21:55Z","timestamp":1759728115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A high eosinophil proportion increases the risk of skin-related adverse events induced by apalutamide in patients with prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Tasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Naiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misato","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiharu","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Unno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Etani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzo","family":"Hamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Umemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Furukawa-Hibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer 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