{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:32:14Z","timestamp":1793781134993,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome caused by structural and\/or functional cardiac abnormalities. Ventricular remodeling contributes to its progression. Cardiac macrophages regulate inflammation, fibrosis, and tissue repair that drive this process. In this Review, we describe the origins and phenotypic diversity of cardiac macrophages, including both resident and monocyte-derived subsets. In the left ventricle, macrophages respond to ischemia, pressure overload, and metabolic stress. In the right ventricle, they display distinct immune features under pulmonary hypertension and other stress conditions. We further discuss the interactions between macrophages and other cardiac cell types, such as fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes. These interactions shape the immune environment and structural integrity of the myocardium. We also highlight recent advances in single-cell and spatial technologies that reveal chamber-specific macrophage signatures. Finally, we summarize emerging therapeutic strategies targeting macrophages, including pharmacological agents, engineered cell therapies, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Together, these insights provide a framework for understanding macrophage-mediated remodeling and for guiding precision immunotherapies in heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T05:17:57Z","timestamp":1763529477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Macrophages in ventricular remodeling and heart failure: orchestrators of inflammation and repair"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320131","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and survival of heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Emmons-Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107285","article-title":"The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction and as a possible blood biomarker in heart failure","volume":"206","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.12.026","article-title":"Patients hospitalized for de novo versus worsening chronic heart failure in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.023","article-title":"Worsening Heart failure: Nomenclature, Epidemiology, and Future Directions: Jacc review topic of the Week","volume":"81","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.001878","article-title":"Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2","volume":"128","author":"Burchfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010051","article-title":"Role of cardiac macrophages on cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and tissue repair","volume":"10","author":"Lafuse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3800","article-title":"Role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in cardiac injury and repair","volume":"15","author":"Epelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08008-5","article-title":"Targeting immune-fibroblast cell communication in heart failure","volume":"635","author":"Amrute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202108093","article-title":"Lineage tracing clarifies the cellular origin of tissue-resident macrophages in the developing heart","volume":"221","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32284-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of macrophage heterogeneity and a potential function of trem2(Hi) macrophages in infarcted hearts","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01840-1","article-title":"Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.124.23542","article-title":"Peli1 deficiency in macrophages attenuates pulmonary hypertension by enhancing Foxp1-mediated transcriptional inhibition of Il-6","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1111819","article-title":"The role of macrophage subsets in and around the heart in modulating cardiac homeostasis and pathophysiology","volume":"14","author":"Isidoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01202-4","article-title":"Communications between macrophages and cardiomyocytes","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22178-0","article-title":"Cardiac macrophages prevent sudden death during heart stress","volume":"12","author":"Sugita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140639","article-title":"Progressive replacement of embryo-derived cardiac macrophages with age","volume":"211","author":"Molawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00715-5","article-title":"Trem2(Hi) resident macrophages protect the septic heart by maintaining cardiomyocyte homeostasis","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.118.314028","article-title":"Tissue resident Ccr2- and Ccr2+ Cardiac macrophages differentially orchestrate monocyte recruitment and fate specification following myocardial injury","volume":"124","author":"Bajpai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.119.312321","article-title":"Obesity, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction: novel roles of immunometabolism in macrophage activation and inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Mouton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1467089","article-title":"Cardiac macrophages in maintaining heart homeostasis and regulating ventricular remodeling of heart diseases","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2797-4","article-title":"Cells of the adult human heart","volume":"588","author":"Litvi\u0148ukov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00823-5","article-title":"Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Yap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.121.057549","article-title":"Cardiac resident macrophage-derived legumain improves cardiac repair by promoting clearance and degradation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction","volume":"145","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e171953","DOI":"10.1172\/jci171953","article-title":"Cardiac macrophages and emerging roles for their metabolism after myocardial infarction","volume":"133","author":"Thorp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.319737","article-title":"Cardiac resident macrophages prevent fibrosis and stimulate angiogenesis","volume":"129","author":"Revelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab193","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of cardiac immune cells reveal that rel-driven Cd72-positive macrophages induce cardiomyocyte injury","volume":"118","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01109-8","article-title":"Functional diversity of cardiac macrophages in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.65802","article-title":"Cxcr4-dependent macrophage-to-fibroblast signaling contributes to cardiac diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05099-6","article-title":"Macrophage energy metabolism in cardiometabolic disease","volume":"480","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05960-4","article-title":"Macrophage Dclk1 promotes obesity-induced cardiomyopathy via activating Rip2\/Tak1 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102659","article-title":"Replacement of lost substance P reduces fibrosis in the diabetic heart by preventing adverse fibroblast and macrophage phenotype changes","volume":"10","author":"Widiapradja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01179-3","article-title":"Isoproterenol induces Md2 activation by B-Ar-Camp-Pka-Ros signalling axis in cardiomyocytes and macrophages drives inflammatory heart failure","volume":"45","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1790","article-title":"Macrophage Otud1-Card9 axis drives isoproterenol-induced inflammatory heart remodelling","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.122.062984","article-title":"Single-cell Rna sequencing reveals metabolic stress-dependent activation of cardiac macrophages in a model of dyslipidemia-induced diastolic dysfunction","volume":"150","author":"Panico","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.01.023","article-title":"Right ventricular adaptation and failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000348","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"385","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202110-2274OC","article-title":"Macrophage-Nlrp3 activation promotes right ventricle failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"206","author":"Al-Qazazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.323119","article-title":"Myeloid cell derived Il1\u03b2 Contributes to pulmonary hypertension in Hfpef","volume":"133","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.121.317168","article-title":"Caspase-8 promotes pulmonary hypertension by activating macrophage-associated inflammation and Il-1\u03b2 (Interleukin 1\u03b2) production","volume":"42","author":"Rong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04024-y","article-title":"Plasma Ccl3 predicts adverse heart failure outcomes in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1327372","article-title":"Myocardial B cells have specific gene expression and predicted interactions in dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Bermea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12247","article-title":"Right ventricular angiogenesis is an early adaptive response to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Kolb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034356","article-title":"Mechanisms of organ injury and repair by macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Vannella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00251-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00902-0","article-title":"Redox regulation of the immune response","volume":"19","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05353-x","article-title":"Macrophage and fibroblast trajectory inference and crosstalk analysis during myocardial infarction using integrated single-cell transcriptomic datasets","volume":"22","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171274","article-title":"Cardiac macrophages promote diastolic dysfunction","volume":"215","author":"Hulsmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.027889","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cell-mediated cardiac fibrosis in pressure-overloaded myocardium","volume":"136","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx146","article-title":"Fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix in right ventricular disease","volume":"113","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.05.004","article-title":"Myocardial inflammation in experimental acute right ventricular failure: effects of prostacyclin therapy","volume":"34","author":"Dewachter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01105-4","article-title":"Crosstalk between macrophages and cardiac cells after myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524292113","article-title":"Mertk cleavage limits proresolving mediator biosynthesis and exacerbates tissue inflammation","volume":"113","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303267","article-title":"Genetically engineered macrophages co-loaded with Cd47 inhibitors synergistically reconstruct efferocytosis and improve cardiac remodeling post myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.031","article-title":"A network of macrophages supports mitochondrial homeostasis in the heart","volume":"183","author":"Nicol\u00e1s-\u00c1vila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01222-3","article-title":"Macrophages promote the transition from myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury to cardiac fibrosis in mice through Gmcsf\/Ccl2\/Ccr2 and phenotype switching","volume":"45","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102757","article-title":"Intercellular communication after myocardial infarction: macrophage as the centerpiece","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69413-0","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Il-4 and Il-6 on rat neonatal target cardiac cells","volume":"10","author":"Zogbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa046","article-title":"Vascular endothelial S1pr1 ameliorates adverse cardiac remodelling via stimulating reparative macrophage proliferation after myocardial infarction","volume":"117","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57920","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57920","article-title":"Macrophages promote endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Mt1-Mmp\/Tgf\u03b21 after myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Alonso-Herranz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.011","article-title":"A Cd103(+) conventional dendritic cell surveillance system prevents development of overt heart failure during subclinical viral myocarditis","volume":"47","author":"Clemente-Casares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.111.243162","article-title":"Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair","volume":"110","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.04.007","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-12 produced by Ly6c(Low) macrophages prolongs the survival after myocardial infarction by preventing neutrophil influx","volume":"131","author":"Kubota","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.015","article-title":"Regulatory T cells promote macrophage efferocytosis during inflammation resolution","volume":"49","author":"Proto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.118.314569","article-title":"Interleukin-35 promotes macrophage survival and improves wound healing after myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"124","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.121.055888","article-title":"Ccl17 aggravates myocardial injury by suppressing recruitment of regulatory T cells","volume":"145","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1162556","article-title":"Inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104744","article-title":"Interleukin-34-Nf-Kb signaling aggravates myocardial ischemic\/reperfusion injury by facilitating macrophage recruitment and polarization","volume":"95","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155467","article-title":"Quercitrin improves cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction by regulating macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000941","article-title":"Yap\/Taz deficiency reprograms macrophage phenotype and improves infarct healing and cardiac function after myocardial infarction","volume":"18","author":"Mia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-023-01027-9","article-title":"Macrophage-based therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"119","author":"Sansonetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.124.325212","article-title":"Car-macrophage therapy alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50806-y","article-title":"Tregs delivered post-myocardial infarction adopt an injury-specific phenotype promoting cardiac repair via macrophages in mice","volume":"15","author":"Alshoubaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07050-3","article-title":"Mir-21-3p inhibitor exerts myocardial protective effects by altering macrophage polarization state and reducing excessive mitophagy","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308910","article-title":"Inflammation-targeted nanomedicines alleviate oxidative stress and reprogram macrophages polarization for myocardial infarction treatment","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.08.022","article-title":"Targeted heart repair by T\u03b24-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.44281","article-title":"Mydgf promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and neonatal heart regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113174","article-title":"A transient wave of Bhlhe41(+) resident macrophages enables remodeling of the developing infarcted myocardium","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.124.323817","article-title":"Dissecting and visualizing the functional diversity of cardiac macrophages","volume":"134","author":"Holt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175297","DOI":"10.1172\/jci175297","article-title":"Single-cell multiomic analysis identifies macrophage subpopulations in promoting cardiac repair","volume":"134","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.05.011","article-title":"Primitive macrophages enable long-term vascularization of human heart-on-a-chip platforms","volume":"31","author":"Landau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac094","article-title":"Targeting the Ccl2-Ccr2 axis for atheroprotection","volume":"43","author":"Georgakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0053-5","article-title":"Distinct macrophage subsets in the human heart","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314639","article-title":"Altered macrophage polarization induces experimental pulmonary hypertension and is observed in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"41","author":"Zawia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20211098","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211098","article-title":"Macrophage-adipocyte communication and cardiac remodeling","volume":"218","author":"Yepuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau0964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau0964","article-title":"Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches","volume":"363","author":"Chakarov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.309194","article-title":"Abandoning M1\/M2 for a network model of macrophage function","volume":"119","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00466-x","article-title":"Deep learning shapes single-cell data analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T05:17:59Z","timestamp":1763529479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"article-number":"1682294"}}