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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a serious infectious disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E.multilocularis,Em<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in the highlands of northwestern China and vaccination is currently the most effective means of preventing\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. However, current vaccines are not sufficiently effective in preventing and controlling Alveolar Echinococcosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, an oral M-cell targeted Lactococcus lactis (\n                      <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) vaccine (LL-plSAM-GILE) was constructed by adding SAM gene sequence to the epitope vaccine GILE for\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      constructed in our previous study. Mice were orally immunized with LL-plSAM-GILE and their serum antibody levels (ELISA), lymphocyte proliferation (MTS), IFN-\u03b3 levels (ELISpot), IL-4 levels (flow cytometry, FCM), T cells (FCM), growth of hepatic cysts (Ultrasound), and weights were measured to evaluate the protective effect of LL-plSAM-GILE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The L.lactis expression plasmid pNZ8148-SAM-GILE was successfully constructed and electroporated into L.lactis NZ9000, and the recombinant protein was approximately 45 KD. SAM-GILE was expressed on the surface of recombinant L.lactis. LL-plSAM-GILE is effective in targeting Microfold cells. Mice immunized with LL-plSAM-GILE exhibited significantly elevated levels of specific IgG antibodies. Lymphocyte proliferation was enhanced compared to the control group and the NZ9000 group. LL-plSAM-GILE stimulated the production of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells. Mice immunized with LL-plSAM-GILE secreted more IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4. For both primary and secondary infections, oral immunization with LL-plSAM-GILE led to a significant decrease in the diameter and weight of hepatic cysts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An oral M-cell targeted\n                      <jats:italic>L.lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine LL-plSAM-GILE with excellent immunogenic and immunoprotective properties has been successfully constructed. This study may provide important theoretical and experimental bases for the prevention and treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1683003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:25:14Z","timestamp":1761632714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An oral M-cell targeted Lactococcus lactis vaccine against Echinococcus multilocularis infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run-Le","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.666225","article-title":"Case report: diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis via next-generation sequencing analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2019.01.017","article-title":"Advances in research on echinococcus shiquicus tapeworm","volume":"53","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106066","article-title":"Enzymatic characteristics and preventive effect of leucine aminopeptidase against Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"222","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.045","article-title":"Evaluation of Echinococcus multilocularis tetraspanins as vaccine candidates against primary alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"27","author":"Dang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8771-5","article-title":"Immunological features and efficacy of the recombinant subunit vaccine LTB-EMY162 against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02411-3","article-title":"Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family","volume":"472","author":"Holman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2018.08.004","article-title":"Molecular and functional characterization of glucose transporter genes of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"225","author":"Kashiide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1091004","article-title":"A multi-epitope vaccine GILE against Echinococcus Multilocularis infection in mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":". 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