{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1790352247952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the last decade, c\n                      <jats:italic>himeric antigen receptor<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CAR)-modified T\u00a0cells have revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, antitumor responses in solid tumors remain poor, and the difficulty in finding truly tumor-specific target antigens leads to a high risk of on-target\/off-tumor toxicity. Transient modification with mRNA is gaining momentum as an alternative approach to viral transduction in order to achieve a better safety profile. On the other hand, generation of T cells secreting bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) has been reported to outperform the antitumor efficacy of T lymphocytes expressing membrane-anchored CARs, due to the ability of the soluble TCEs to recruit unmodified bystander T cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have electroporated human primary T cells with\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcribed mRNA encoding an anti-EGFR x anti-CD3 bispecific T cell engager. Such mRNA-modified T cells (STAR\n                      <jats:sup>EGFR<\/jats:sup>\n                      -T cells) have been analyzed for anti-EGFR bispecific TCE secretion and for their ability to drive anti-tumor responses against EGFR-expressing cells, both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      STAR\n                      <jats:sup>EGFR<\/jats:sup>\n                      -T cells transiently secrete bispecific TCEs capable of redirecting T lymphocytes to exert tumor cell-specific killing in\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays. Moreover, STAR\n                      <jats:sup>EGFR<\/jats:sup>\n                      -T cells efficiently control tumor growth in\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      xenograft models of solid malignancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results strongly support mRNA-engineered TCE-secreting T\u00a0cells as a promising therapeutic strategy for solid tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1684655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T06:23:13Z","timestamp":1763446993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["mRNA-engineered T lymphocytes secreting bispecific T cell engagers with therapeutic potential in solid 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