{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:35:09Z","timestamp":1782390909225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Mtb) causes infectious granulomatous disease tuberculosis (TB), and existing\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB-diagnosis is insensitive for extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) as well as paucibacillary TB due to low bacillary load; therefore, alternative non-invasive molecular imaging-based diagnostic tools are urgently required. Within TB granulomas, foci of Mtb secreted antigens anchored on the surface of either bacilli or host cells may serve as targetable biomarkers for antibody based molecular imaging of TB. Nanobody is better suited over conventional antibody or fragment derivatives for molecular imaging due to its quick localization in target tissue and rapid clearance from off-target organs. Here, we report the production of a high affinity nanobody against PstS-1 protein of Mtb which helps bacilli in phosphate uptake as well as host cell adhesion. C8 nanobody (C8Nb) was isolated from a phage displayed nanobody library which was constructed from a camel immunized with secreted proteins of Mtb. C8Nb was characterized\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    for immunoreactivity against PstS-1 protein. The ability of C8Nb to bind the PstS-1 protein, associated with the surface of Mtb bacilli or adhered on the macrophages, and its localization around BCG cells injected intramuscularly into mice, demonstrate its potential in the development of molecular imaging-based diagnostic tools for TB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1684904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1765866512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isolation of a nanobody specific to the PstS-1 protein and evaluation of its immunoreactivity with structural components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis granuloma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yogesh P.","family":"Dhekale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumarasamy","family":"Jothivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar Kumar","family":"Ghorui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagan Deep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawab Singh","family":"Baghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107325","article-title":"Insights from the 2024 WHO Global Tuberculosis Report\u2013More Comprehensive Action, Innovation, and Investments required for achieving WHO End TB goals","volume":"150","author":"Goletti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Early detection of tuberculosis: an overview of approaches, guidelines and tools","year":"2011"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Sputum smear microscopy in tuberculosis: is it still relevant","volume":"137","author":"Desikan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2015.78.2.64","article-title":"Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: recent advances and diagnostic algorithms","volume":"78","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberculosis Respir diseases"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir451","article-title":"Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: defining early disease states in the context of host immune response","volume":"204","author":"Achkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.11662","article-title":"Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis overlap: a clinical challenge from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"12","author":"Pedroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201101-0056OC","article-title":"Evaluation of the Xpert MTB\/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting","volume":"184","author":"Theron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70167-0","article-title":"Accuracy of the Xpert MTB\/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children admitted to hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: a descriptive study","volume":"11","author":"Nicol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101250","article-title":"How much do smear-negative patients really contribute to tuberculosis transmissions? 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