{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:10:34Z","timestamp":1767946234105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Photothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000\u20131700 nm) enables deep-tissue penetration and reduced off-target damage, offering a promising approach for localized cancer ablation. A major challenge, however, lies in achieving efficient and tumor-specific accumulation of photothermal agents. In this study, we developed a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted NIR-II photothermal nanoplatform based on an organic semiconducting polymer (OSP\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). The OSP\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    core was encapsulated with DSPE-PEG-Mal and covalently conjugated with ACUPA, a high-affinity PSMA ligand, to generate PSMA-OSP\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles (NPs). These nanoparticles exhibited strong NIR-II fluorescence emission and high photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm excitation; notably, at 1.0 W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for 5 min the maximum solution temperature reached 77.3\u00b0C, and the particles showed excellent photothermal stability, retaining &amp;gt;90.0% of their peak heating performance after five on\/off irradiation cycles. Owing to their enhanced targeting capability and robust photothermal stability, PSMA-OSP\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs enabled effective photothermal ablation of PSMA-positive prostate tumors with minimal systemic toxicity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PSMA-OSP\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs constitute a potent and precise NIR-II photothermal nanoplatform for prostate cancer treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:42:19Z","timestamp":1767940939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted organic semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy of prostate 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