{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:40:08Z","timestamp":1792269608280,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer immunotherapy, recognized as the fourth primary treatment modality after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, encompasses strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and cellular immunotherapy and provides new avenues for cancer control. Recent studies have revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, piRNAs, siRNAs, and circRNAs, drive the progression of gastric cancer primarily through three regulatory axes: epigenetic modification, transcriptional reprogramming, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. These processes are closely linked to tumor immunity and the efficacy of immunotherapy in gastric cancer (GC). Building on an overview of current immunotherapy regimens for GC, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms by which ncRNAs regulate immune cell infiltration, modulate immune checkpoints, and reshape the immunosuppressive microenvironment to influence immunotherapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the potential translational applications of ncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets within the context of GC immunology are discussed. Collectively, these mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives offer a theoretical foundation for overcoming the limitations of current immunotherapy approaches and improving the long-term prognosis of patients with GC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:25:40Z","timestamp":1761632740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haotian","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Ferlay\n              J\n            \n            \n              Ervik\n              M\n            \n            \n              Lam\n              F\n            \n            \n              Laversanne\n              M\n            \n            \n              Colombet\n              M\n            \n            \n              Mery\n              L\n            \n          \n          Lyon, France\n          International Agency for Research on Cancer\n          Global cancer observatory: cancer today (version 1.1)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00747-0","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer: epidemiological trends, risk factors, screening and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Thrift","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02391-z","article-title":"Survival outcomes of management in metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0928-4","article-title":"Role of the tumor microenvironment in PD-L1\/PD-1-mediated tumor immune escape","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202436191.222","article-title":"KDM4C and GFPT1: potential therapeutic targets for gastric cancer","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3152","article-title":"Effects of adaptive immune cell therapy on the immune cell profile in patients with advanced gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Miura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01990-4","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kundu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121549","article-title":"Innovative nanomedicine delivery: targeting tumor microenvironment to defeat drug resistance","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03001","article-title":"Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome","volume":"431","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.71321\/jjrzya36","article-title":"Exploring long noncoding RNAs and ferroptosis in cancer progression","volume":"1","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Conflux"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0748-z","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in cancer therapy resistance and targeted drug development","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42059-2_1","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: classification, biology and functioning","volume":"937","author":"Hombach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04720-0","article-title":"CircTHBS1 drives gastric cancer progression by increasing INHBA mRNA expression and stability in a ceRNA- and RBP-dependent manner","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.008","article-title":"The noncoding RNA revolution-trashing old rules to forge new ones","volume":"157","author":"Cech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11090893","article-title":"Anoikis-related long non-coding RNA signatures to predict prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric cancer","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7417-8_2","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: an introduction","volume":"886","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1379","article-title":"MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3079","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: biological functions and applications","volume":"33","author":"Santosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28308","article-title":"Treasures from trash in cancer research","volume":"13","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02760-6","article-title":"H19 may regulate the immune cell infiltration in carcinogenesis of gastric cancer through miR-378a-5p\/SERPINH1 signaling","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-103","article-title":"Novel classes of non-coding RNAs and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402","article-title":"Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.4.3.1520","article-title":"siRNA induced transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells","volume":"4","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115306","article-title":"Advancing cancer immunotherapy through siRNA-based gene silencing for immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"209","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3495","article-title":"PIWI-interacting RNAs: from generation to transgenerational epigenetics","volume":"14","author":"Luteijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0017-y","article-title":"Towards a complete map of the human long non-coding RNA transcriptome","volume":"19","author":"Uszczynska-Ratajczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1107","article-title":"NONCODEV5: a comprehensive annotation database for long non-coding RNAs","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2017.05.004","article-title":"The diversity of long noncoding RNAs and their generation","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1287-1","article-title":"Circular RNA hsa_circ_001783 regulates breast cancer progression via sponging miR-200c-3p","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.133","article-title":"Induction of tumor apoptosis through a circular RNA enhancing Foxo3 activity","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216246","article-title":"Non-coding RNA performs its biological function by interacting with macromolecules","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01396-6","article-title":"Exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer: functions and clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12922","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12922","article-title":"EGR1-mediated linc01503 promotes cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis in gastric cancer","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-014-0879-6","article-title":"MiR-148a regulates MEG3 in gastric cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.05.001","article-title":"MicroRNA-10a binds the 5\u2019UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation","volume":"30","author":"Orom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2024.100971","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of lncRNA MEF and c-Myc drives colorectal cancer tumorigenesis","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2016.03.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 targeting PIK3R2 inhibits NSCLC A549 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulation of PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02898-5","article-title":"circ-hnRNPU inhibits NONO-mediated c-Myc transactivation and mRNA stabilization essential for glycosylation and cancer progression","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111339","article-title":"miR-135b-5p promotes gastric carcinogenesis by targeting CLIP4-mediated JAK2\/STAT3 signal pathway","volume":"122","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16523","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16523","article-title":"Circular RNA hsa_circ_0051246 acts as a microRNA-375 sponge to promote the progression of gastric cancer stem cells via YAP1","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156137","article-title":"EGCG targeting STAT3 transcriptionally represses PLXNC1 to inhibit M2 polarization mediated by gastric cancer cell-derived exosomal miR-92b-5p","volume":"135","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0420-4","article-title":"Long noncoding AGAP2-AS1 is activated by SP1 and promotes cell proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.02.002","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"28","author":"Naidoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e247074","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.7074","article-title":"First-line PD-1 blockade combined with chemotherapy for stage IV penile squamous cell carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0582-8","article-title":"Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Marin-Acevedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2022-0080","article-title":"Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy for gastric cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)31827-5","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"390","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(23)00515-6","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-859): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"24","author":"Rha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310839","article-title":"Patterns of PD-L1 expression and CD8 T cell infiltration in gastric adenocarcinomas and associated immune stroma","volume":"66","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5623","article-title":"Immunotherapy targeting PD\u22121\/PD\u2212L1: A potential approach for the treatment of cancer bone metastases","volume":"64","author":"Hiraga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182692","article-title":"PD-L1 and gastric cancer prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.014","article-title":"Regulation and function of the PD-L1 checkpoint","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0366-x","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors targeting the PD-1\/PD-L1 signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1199310","article-title":"Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)","volume":"12","author":"Kwok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Nivolumab treatment for the patients with gastric cancer-present and future","volume":"46","author":"Imazeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2013.11.004","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates: current status and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2015.35.76","article-title":"Managing immune checkpoint-blocking antibody side effects","author":"Postow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8730","article-title":"Structural basis for small molecule targeting of the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)","volume":"7","author":"Zak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0321-2","article-title":"Translation control of the immune checkpoint in cancer and its therapeutic targeting","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.10.010","article-title":"Deubiquitination and stabilization of PD-L1 by CSN5","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2022.2056","article-title":"Current understanding of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) signaling in T-cell biology and disease therapy","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202947","article-title":"Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4","volume":"332","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709684","article-title":"Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"377","author":"Wolchok","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910836","article-title":"Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"381","author":"Larkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-09-2870","article-title":"Modulation of lymphocyte regulation for cancer therapy: a phase II trial of tremelimumab in advanced gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1291117","article-title":"Research progress on the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Mou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2021-0285","article-title":"Cellular immunotherapy in gastric cancer: adoptive cell therapy and dendritic cell-based vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Faghfuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153322","article-title":"Immunotherapy of gastric cancer: Past, future perspective and challenges","volume":"218","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29030131","article-title":"Immunotherapy in gastric cancer","volume":"29","author":"H\u00f6gner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e471716","DOI":"10.1200\/edbk-25-471716","article-title":"Cell-based therapies in GI cancers: current landscape and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Nakayama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3489291","article-title":"A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","volume":"233","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2012.681038","article-title":"Adoptive immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer cells generated with a new good manufacturing practice-grade protocol","volume":"14","author":"Rutella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"Clinical application of adoptive immunotherapy by cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","volume":"25","author":"Yamaue","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nihon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4180517","article-title":"PD-L1 expression and CD8(+) T cell infiltration predict a favorable prognosis in advanced gastric cancer","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00774","article-title":"Cytokine-induced killer cells as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5473292","article-title":"Efficacy of DC-CIK immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy on locally advanced gastric cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oncol"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Treatment of advanced gastric cancer by chemotherapy combined with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/897214","article-title":"Clinical studies applying cytokine-induced killer cells for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors","volume":"2014","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<577::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Prognostic value of intratumoral natural killer cells in gastric carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Ishigami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.16.10","article-title":"Efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy in patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR-T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0051-2","article-title":"\u2018Off-the-shelf\u2019 allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Depil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0235-9","article-title":"Programming CAR-T cells to kill cancer","volume":"2","author":"Labanieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat BioMed Eng"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411403","article-title":"HER2-positive gastric cancer: the role of immunotherapy and novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Pous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-08-1547","article-title":"Claudin-18 splice variant 2 is a pan-cancer target suitable for therapeutic antibody development","volume":"14","author":"Sahin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy134","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells for the treatment of gastric cancer","volume":"111","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01800-8","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0013","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer: phase 2 clinical KEYNOTE-059 trial","volume":"4","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(18)30739-3","article-title":"Trifluridine\/tipiracil versus placebo in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic gastric cancer (TAGS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Shitara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.63.5995","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of apatinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214882","article-title":"The burden of peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer: A systematic review on the incidence, risk factors and survival","volume":"10","author":"Rijken","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70057","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70057","article-title":"Persistence of activated anti-mesothelin hYP218 chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the tumour is associated with efficacy in gastric and colorectal carcinomas","volume":"14","author":"Mir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061894","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy-an overview of targets in gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"B\u0119bnowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.01.046","article-title":"Role of exosomal non-coding RNAs from tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0207-y","article-title":"NKILA lncRNA promotes tumor immune evasion by sensitizing T cells to activation-induced cell death","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108918","article-title":"Circ_0008287 promotes immune escape of gastric cancer cells through impairing microRNA-548c-3p-dependent inhibition of CLIC1","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479442","article-title":"The role of tumoral FOXP3 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.11.039","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 induced FOXP3-NF\u03baB interaction dampens the tumor suppressor role of FOXP3 in gastric cancer cells","volume":"430","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28056","article-title":"MKL1\/miR34a\/FOXP3 axis regulates cell proliferation in gastric cancer","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29613","article-title":"miR-133a-3p\/FOXP3 axis regulates cell proliferation and autophagy in gastric cancer","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2017566","article-title":"microRNA-128-3p inhibits CD4+ regulatory T cells enrichment by targeting interleukin 16 in gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.10.005","article-title":"Elevated expression of Foxp3 in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells suppresses T-cell proliferation and contributes to gastric cancer progression in a COX-2-dependent manner","volume":"134","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01966-4","article-title":"Exosome circATP8A1 induces macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the miR-1-3p\/STAT6 axis to promote gastric cancer progression","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2020_191014N1034","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA GAS5 promotes natural killer cell cytotoxicity against gastric cancer by regulating miR-18a","volume":"67","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08536-0","article-title":"Regulation of the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis and NK cell dysfunction by exosomal miR-552-5p in gastric cancer","volume":"69","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.102360","article-title":"Exosomal miR-552-5p Regulates the Role of NK Cells in EMT of Gastric Cancer via the PD-1\/PD-L1 Axis","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05498-9","article-title":"CircRHBDD1 promotes immune escape via IGF2BP2\/PD-L1 signaling and acts as a nanotherapeutic target in gastric cancer","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2020.10.015","article-title":"MicroRNA-375 reverses the expression of PD-L1 by inactivating the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathways in gastric cancer","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01883-y","article-title":"Hsa_circ_0136666 stimulates gastric cancer progression and tumor immune escape by regulating the miR-375\/PRKDC Axis and PD-L1 phosphorylation","volume":"22","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1341056","article-title":"Identification of lncRNA dual targeting PD-L1 and PD-L2 as a novel prognostic predictor for gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3544","article-title":"LncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 positively modulates TET1 and HIF-1A to enhance gastric cancer tumorigenesis and drug resistance by sponging miR-376a","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.S251625","article-title":"LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to immuno-escape of gastric cancer through targeting miR141\/PD-L1","volume":"13","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cmar.S275352","article-title":"LncRNA PROX1-AS1 Facilitates Gastric Cancer Progression via miR-877-5p\/PD-L1 Axis","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15924","article-title":"MicroRNA-152 regulates immune response via targeting B7-H1 in gastric carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15450","article-title":"The miR-25-93-106b cluster regulates tumor metastasis and immune evasion via modulation of CXCL12 and PD-L1","volume":"8","author":"Cioffi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2023.09.001","article-title":"Current and future perspectives on the regulation and functions of miR-545 in cancer development","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog Ther"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15225313","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA LOC339059 attenuates IL-6\/STAT3-signaling-mediated PDL1 expression and macrophage M2 polarization by interacting with c-myc in gastric cancer","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.572689","article-title":"Exosomal miRNA-16-5p derived from M1 macrophages enhances T cell-dependent immune response by regulating PD-L1 in gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.108.179663","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"29","author":"Ferrara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204078","article-title":"LncRNA CRART16\/miR-122-5p\/FOS axis promotes angiogenesis of gastric cancer by upregulating VEGFD expression","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00326","article-title":"Gastric cancer cell-derived exosomal microRNA-23a promotes angiogenesis by targeting PTEN","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02499-8","article-title":"Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-519a-3p promotes liver metastasis by inducing intrahepatic M2-like macrophage-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-020-01091-3","article-title":"LncRNA HOTAIR promotes the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer by sponging miR-1277-5p and upregulating COL5A1","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114539","article-title":"miR-29a-3p-dependent COL3A1 and COL5A1 expression reduction assists sulforaphane to inhibit gastric cancer progression","volume":"188","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2312","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.224","article-title":"Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-9 induces cancer-associated fibroblast-like properties in human breast fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Baroni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01168-8","article-title":"CAF secreted miR-522 suppresses ferroptosis and promotes acquired chemo-resistance in gastric cancer","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.04.050","article-title":"MicroRNA-106b in cancer-associated fibroblasts from gastric cancer promotes cell migration and invasion by targeting PTEN","volume":"588","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5292","article-title":"miR-205 hinders the Malignant interplay between prostate cancer cells and associated fibroblasts","volume":"20","author":"Gandellini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e992","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.992","article-title":"MiR-192-5p\/RB1\/NF-\u03baBp65 signaling axis promotes IL-10 secretion during gastric cancer EMT to induce Treg cell differentiation in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1163977","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis to construct a novel immune-related prognostic panel in aging-related gastric cancer based on the lncRNA\u2013miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.690598","article-title":"Immune-related nine-microRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117255","article-title":"The DNA damage repair-related lncRNAs signature predicts the prognosis and immunotherapy response in gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-09062-2","article-title":"A new risk model based on a 11-m(6)A-related lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and monitoring immunotherapy for gastric cancer","volume":"22","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117773","article-title":"Exosomal miRNAs from neutrophils act as accurate biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis","volume":"554","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.82","article-title":"Circular RNA is enriched and stable in exosomes: a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13191","article-title":"Hsa_circ_0072309 is a prognostic biomarker and is correlated with immune infiltration in gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03288-9","article-title":"GC-derived exosomal circMAN1A2 promotes cancer progression and suppresses T-cell antitumour immunity by inhibiting FBXW11-mediated SFPQ degradation","volume":"44","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0035-x","article-title":"Clinical utility of circulating non-coding RNAs - an update","volume":"15","author":"Anfossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5137627","article-title":"Construction of a prognostic immune-related lncRNA risk model for gastric cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-07117-6","article-title":"MiR-21 participates in the PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway-mediated imbalance of Th17\/Treg cells in patients after gastric cancer resection","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.05.037","article-title":"miR-105-5p regulates PD-L1 expression and tumor immunogenicity in gastric cancer","volume":"518","author":"Miliotis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.771206","article-title":"Novel circRNAs in hub ceRNA axis regulate gastric cancer prognosis and microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3765","article-title":"Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Kanasty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00696-0","article-title":"CircSCUBE3 reduces the anti-gastric cancer activity of anti-PD-L1","volume":"66","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34008","article-title":"SHP2 mediates the ROS\/JNK\/NFAT4 signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells prompting lncRNA SNHG18 to drive gastric cancer growth and metastasis via CAR-T cells","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01475-8","article-title":"The circular RNA circDLG1 promotes gastric cancer progression and anti-PD-1 resistance through the regulation of CXCL12 by sponging miR-141-3p","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70004","article-title":"Oxaliplatin activates P53\/miR-34a\/survivin axis in inhibiting the progression of gastric cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13641","article-title":"Apatinib combined with Keytruda treatment induces apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells through CES4\/miR-616-5p\/DUSP2 axis","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21492-x","article-title":"Network analysis reveals that the tumor suppressor lncRNA GAS5 acts as a double-edged sword in response to DNA damage in gastric cancer","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009x.2022.2151702","article-title":"Depletion of circPDSS1 inhibits ITGA11 production to confer cisplatin sensitivity through miR-515-5p in gastric cancer","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chemother"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688181\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:26:05Z","timestamp":1761632765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688181\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":150,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1688181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"article-number":"1688181"}}