{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:17:08Z","timestamp":1787624228872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a significant pathogen in salmonid aquaculture, with virulence determined mainly by amino acid residues in the VP2 capsid protein.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigates the modifications of rainbow trout (\n                      <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) IgM and IgT repertoire induced by two IPNV strains that differ at VP2 positions 217 and 221, specifically IPNV-TA (T\n                      <jats:sub>217<\/jats:sub>\n                      A\n                      <jats:sub>221<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and IPNV-PT (P\n                      <jats:sub>217<\/jats:sub>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>221<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). For these studies, doubled-haploid isogenic trout were immunised with IPNV-TA or IPNV-PT, and IgH\u03bc and IgH\u03c4 repertoires were analysed by high-throughput sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Resutls<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated that IPNV-PT elicited a strong and diverse modification if the IgM repertoire in the spleen, with significant clonotypic expansions including public components, particularly within VH1, VH4, and VH8 subgroups, observed two months post-immunization. Despite this robust response, clonotype usage largely reflected a non-convergent immune profile, consisting essentially of private responses, with limited sharing across individuals. In contrast, IPNV-TA triggered only modest changes in the repertoire. Notably, the IgM response to IPNV-PT diminished by four months, with limited persistence of public clonotypes. Changes of spleen IgT repertoire remained limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that even minor VP2 variations can profoundly affect not only the magnitude but also the clonal architecture and composition of antiviral B cell responses, highlighting the importance of detailed, strain-specific immune profiling in guiding vaccine development for aquaculture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1690504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:34:20Z","timestamp":1770183260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contrasted modifications of IgM and IgT repertoires induced by high- and low-virulent infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sofie","family":"Navelsaker Thommessen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["\u00c5s, Norway"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM","place":["Jouy-en-Josas, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Jouneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM","place":["Jouy-en-Josas, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM","place":["Jouy-en-Josas, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mhanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Encarnita","family":"Mariotti-Ferrandiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)","place":["Paris, France"]},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hetron M.","family":"Munang\u00b4andu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["\u00c5s, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr Ahmed Abdelrahim","family":"Gamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["\u00c5s, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Collet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM","place":["Jouy-en-Josas, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Boudinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM","place":["Jouy-en-Josas, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oystein","family":"Evensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["\u00c5s, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-104-25743","article-title":"Virus nature of infectious pancreatic necrosis in trout","volume":"104","author":"Wolf","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.009","article-title":"The birnavirus crystal structure reveals structural relationships among icosahedral viruses","volume":"120","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80942-0","article-title":"Structure of birnavirus-like particles determined by combined electron cryomicroscopy and X-ray crystallography","volume":"86","author":"Pous","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.12.016","article-title":"Identification of putative motifs involved in the virulence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","volume":"322","author":"Santi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10289-10299.2005","article-title":"Molecular determinants of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus virulence and cell culture adaptation","volume":"79","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m83-062","article-title":"The molecular biology of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: a review","volume":"29","author":"Dobos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00360-18","article-title":"Whole-genome sequence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from farmed brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in pennsylvania","volume":"6","author":"Palchak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9206-9216.2005","article-title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus VP5 is dispensable for virulence and persistence","volume":"79","author":"Santi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01536-09","article-title":"Crystal structure of an Aquabirnavirus particle: insights into antigenic diversity and virulence determinism","volume":"84","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18869-0","article-title":"Early interactions of marine birnavirus infection in several fish cell lines","volume":"84","author":"Imajoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01384345","article-title":"Attachment and entry of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) into CHSE-214 cells","volume":"140","author":"Kuznar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.05.004","article-title":"Oral DNA vaccines based on CS-TPP nanoparticles and alginate microparticles confer high protection against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection in trout","volume":"74","author":"Ahmadivand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12675","article-title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) serotype Sp is prevalent in Turkish rainbow trout farms","volume":"41","author":"B\u00fcy\u00fckekiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02951","article-title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) strain with genetic properties associated with low pathogenicity at Finnish fish farms","volume":"118","author":"Eriksson-Kallio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100782","article-title":"Low pathogenic strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) associated with recent outbreaks in Iranian trout farms","volume":"9","author":"Ahmadivand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey019","article-title":"Low evolutionary rate of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in Italy is associated with reduced virulence in trout","volume":"4","author":"Panzarin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54263","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054263","article-title":"Immunogenicity and cross protective ability of the central VP2 amino acids of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"8","author":"Munang\u2019andu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.9956","article-title":"Strain variability and localization of important epitopes on the major structural protein (VP2) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","volume":"214","author":"Heppell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-7","article-title":"Antigen dose and humoral immune response correspond with protection for inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus vaccines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)","volume":"44","author":"Munang\u2019andu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.008","article-title":"The kinetics of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell gene expression correlate with protection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) vaccinated against infectious pancreatic necrosis","volume":"31","author":"Munang\u2019andu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.07.002","article-title":"Wide range of susceptibility to rhabdoviruses in homozygous clones of rainbow trout","volume":"22","author":"Quillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200088","article-title":"Clonotypic IgH Response against Systemic Viral infection in Pronephros and Spleen of a Teleost Fish","volume":"208","author":"Castro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.103998","article-title":"Genomic analysis of a second rainbow trout line (Arlee) leads to an extended description of the IGH VDJ gene repertoire","volume":"118","author":"Magadan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02115","article-title":"Origin of public memory B cell clones in fish after antiviral vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Magadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuno.2025.100052","article-title":"AnalyzAIRR: A user-friendly guided workflow for AIRR data analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mhanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"ImmunoInformatics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200406","article-title":"Immunohistochemical identification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in paraffin-embedded tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"2","author":"Evensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.014","article-title":"Ebola virus glycoprotein with increased infectivity dominated the 2013\u20132016 epidemic","volume":"167","author":"Diehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111295","article-title":"Single amino acid mutations affect zika virus replication In Vitro and Virulence In Vivo","volume":"12","author":"Collette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2097","article-title":"A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows","volume":"39","author":"Brault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-025-00119-8","article-title":"A single amino acid mutation alters multiple neutralization epitopes in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein","volume":"3","author":"Oraby","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Viruses"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02687","article-title":"Sequential immunization with heterologous viruses does not result in attrition of the B cell memory in rainbow trout","volume":"10","author":"Navelsaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003098","article-title":"Teleost fish mount complex clonal IgM and IgT responses in spleen upon systemic viral infection","volume":"9","author":"Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01232-8","article-title":"Divergent B-cell repertoire remodelling by mRNA, DNA and live attenuated vaccines in fish","volume":"10","author":"Porter","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247253","article-title":"Convergent antibody evolution and clonotype expansion following influenza virus vaccination","volume":"16","author":"Forgacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35456-2","article-title":"Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones","volume":"13","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00788-7","article-title":"The dengue-specific immune response and antibody identification with machine learning","volume":"9","author":"Natali","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.032","article-title":"Restricted clonality and limited germinal center reentry characterize memory B cell reactivation by boosting","volume":"180","author":"Mesin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.09.001","article-title":"Affinity-restricted memory B cells dominate recall responses to heterologous flaviviruses","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04117-7","article-title":"Hybrid immunity improves B cells and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"600","author":"Andreano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.005","article-title":"Polyreactive Broadly Neutralizing B cells Are Selected to Provide Defense against Pandemic Threat Influenza Viruses","volume":"53","author":"Guthmiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1690504\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:34:22Z","timestamp":1770183262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1690504\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1690504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1690504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"article-number":"1690504"}}