{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:03:48Z","timestamp":1788887028981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pyroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation represents a critical pathological mechanism in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), while Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ADSC-Exos) may target this process through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Our study investigated the therapeutic effects of ADSC-Exos by mitigating NLRP3-driven pyroptosis in TLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We isolated ADSC-Exos, the characteristics of which were confirmed. The Kainic acid-induced mouse TLE model were used to assess the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      effect of ADSC-Exos. To evaluate ADSC-Exos penetration, brain tissues were collected for fluorescence quantification. TUNEL and Nissl staining were used to evaluate hippocampal neuronal damage. Pyroptosis markers were detected by Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore potential miRNAs in ADSC-Exos that might contribute to their therapeutic effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenously injected ADSC-Exos efficiently crossed the blood-brain barrier, peaking in brain accumulation at 4 hours post-administration. Treatment with ADSC-Exos resulted in a 48.9% reduction in seizure duration (p&amp;lt;0.0001) and a 42% reduction in spontaneous recurrent seizure frequency (p&amp;lt;0.0001) in temporal lobe epilepsy. Furthermore, ADSC-Exos exhibited significant neuroprotection while suppressing key pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1\u03b2. Bioinformatics analysis further identified 16 candidate miRNAs in ADSC-Exos potentially mediating these therapeutic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADSC-Exos exert neuroprotective effects in temporal lobe epilepsy in association with regulation of the NLRP3-associated pyroptosis pathway, thereby suppressing neuroinflammation and neuronal death, highlighting their potential therapeutic value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1691814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1761801856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes suppress NLRP3-mediated neuronal pyroptosis to attenuate seizures in a kainic acid-induced temporal lobe 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