{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:59:01Z","timestamp":1791406741680,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase\u2013stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway has emerged as a central regulator of liver homeostasis and pathology, governing innate immunity, inflammation, fibrogenesis, and tissue repair. Dysregulated cGAS-STING signaling, often driven by cytosolic DNA sensing, cellular stress, or cross-activation with other immune pathways, leads to excessive type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, exacerbating liver injury. This aberrant activation is implicated in chronic liver inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis, highlighting its dualistic role in both protective and pathogenic processes. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the context-dependent roles of the cGAS-STING pathway across liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI), and parasitic infections. The cGAS-STING pathway exhibits dualistic functions in liver pathophysiology: while its activation promotes antiviral defense and tissue regeneration in acute injury, chronic hyperactivation drives inflammation, fibrosis, and oncogenesis. In NAFLD\/ALD, metabolic stress and mitochondrial DNA leakage perpetuate STING-dependent inflammation, whereas in HCC, persistent signaling accelerates tumor progression and immune evasion. Similarly, in parasitic diseases or HIRI, cGAS-STING activation may enhance pathogen clearance or exacerbate tissue damage, depending on disease stage. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including STING inhibitors, agonists, and nano modulators, show promise in preclinical models but require context-specific optimization to balance beneficial immunity and pathologic outcomes. Understanding these context-dependent functions of cGAS-STING pathway provides critical insights for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies that may selectively modulate this pathway to treat diverse hepatic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T06:29:51Z","timestamp":1765175391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of cGAS-STING pathway in liver disease: the quest continues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30110-8","article-title":"Antifibrotics in chronic liver disease: tractable targets and translational challenges","volume":"1","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2415648121","article-title":"Hunting down the elusive cytosolic-DNA sensor","volume":"121","author":"Mathis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00554-y","article-title":"Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05191-6","article-title":"cGAS-STING pathway mediates activation of dendritic cell sensing of immunogenic tumors","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01220-5","article-title":"The dual function of cGAS-STING signaling axis in liver diseases","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01252-z","article-title":"Multifaceted functions of STING in human health and disease: from molecular mechanism to targeted strategy","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.001","article-title":"STING or sting: cGAS-STING-mediated immune response to protozoan parasites","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244040","article-title":"Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394588","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2394588","article-title":"The crucial roles and research advances of cGAS\u2212STING pathway in liver diseases","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.682736","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway: novel perspectives in liver diseases","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139339","article-title":"Mini review: STING activation during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01803-1","article-title":"STING and liver disease","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.013","article-title":"Structures and mechanisms in the cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.019","article-title":"New frontiers in the cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway","volume":"57","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.019","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is activated by double-stranded DNA-induced oligomerization","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Ancient Origin of cGAS-STING Reveals Mechanism of Universal 20,30 cGAMP Signaling","author":"Kranzusch","year":""},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signals","author":"Whiteley","year":"","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0198-7","article-title":"The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229963","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076983","article-title":"Structural and functional analyses of DNA-sensing and immune activation by human cGAS","volume":"8","author":"Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23890","article-title":"cGAS senses long and HMGB\/TFAM-bound U-turn DNA by forming protein\u2013DNA ladders","volume":"549","author":"Andreeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.05.022","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","article-title":"STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling","volume":"455","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08476","article-title":"STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity","volume":"461","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaa2630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2630","article-title":"Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","volume-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","author":"Ivashkiv","year":""},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri910","article-title":"NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132641","article-title":"Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system","volume":"27","author":"Vallabhapurapu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201797858","article-title":"Attenuation of cGAS-STING signaling is mediated by a p62\/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy pathway activated by TBK1","volume":"37","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0251-z","article-title":"STING directly activates autophagy to tune the innate immune response","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","article-title":"Innate immune recognition","volume":"20","author":"Janeway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01185-5","article-title":"The role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in viral infections, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3558","article-title":"Regulation and function of the cGAS-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.101298","article-title":"Acylglycerol kinase inhibits macrophage anti-tumor activity via limiting mtDNA release and cGAS-STING-type I IFN response","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189249","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA-activated cGAS-STING pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"1880","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.017","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1145392","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma: An emerging therapeutic strategy","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front In Endocrinol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010511","article-title":"Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacodynamic study of STING agonist E7766 in advanced solid tumors","volume":"13","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156489","article-title":"ErTao decoction alleviates liver fibrosis by suppressing STING-mediated macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"139","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2417686","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202417686","article-title":"Carnosic acid directly targets STING C-terminal tail to improve STING-mediated inflammatory diseases","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh) e2417686"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e511","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.511","article-title":"cGAS-STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112768","article-title":"The crosstalk between DNA-damage responses and innate immunity","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.007","article-title":"STING orchestrates the crosstalk between polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory responses","volume":"34","author":"Vila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00468-w","article-title":"The cGAS\u2013STING pathway and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Samson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01250-1","article-title":"Comprehensive elaboration of the cGAS-STING signaling axis in cancer development and immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216729","article-title":"Revitalizing antitumor immunity: Leveraging nucleic acid sensors as therapeutic targets","volume":"588","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.010","article-title":"Expression of STING is increased in liver tissues from patients with NAFLD and promotes macrophage-mediated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"155","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.09.010","article-title":"Activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway promotes hepatocyte inflammation, apoptosis and induces metabolic disorders in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"81","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113422","article-title":"Aucubin administration suppresses STING signaling and mitigated high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and steatohepatosis in LDL receptor deficient mice","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.912825","article-title":"Curcumol suppresses CCF-mediated hepatocyte senescence through blocking LC3B\u2013lamin B1 interaction in alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13771","article-title":"Flavonoid extracted from Epimedium attenuate cGAS-STING-mediated diseases by targeting the formation of functional STING signalosome","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.259","article-title":"HEPATIC GAP JUNCTIONS AMPLIFY ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY BY PROPAGATING CGAMP-MEDIATED IRF3 ACTIVATION","volume":"154","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160445","article-title":"Licorice extract inhibits the cGAS-STING pathway and protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c06681","article-title":"Iron activates cGAS-STING signaling and promotes hepatic inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29742","article-title":"Lipotoxicity induces hepatic protein inclusions through TANK binding kinase 1\u2013mediated p62\/sequestosome 1 phosphorylation","volume":"68","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32604","article-title":"Loss of hepatic DRP1 exacerbates alcoholic hepatitis by inducing megamitochondria and mitochondrial maladaptation","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.03.006","article-title":"Macrophage SCAP contributes to metaflammation and lean NAFLD by activating STING\u2013NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13827","article-title":"Microbial DNA enrichment promotes liver steatosis and fibrosis in the course of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"235","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000638","article-title":"Macrophage STING-YAP axis controls hepatic steatosis by promoting autophagic degradation of lipid droplets","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15610","article-title":"Protective role of cGAS in NASH is related to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis","volume":"43","author":"de Carvalho Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.034","article-title":"Remdesivir attenuates high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD by regulating hepatocyte dyslipidemia and inflammation via the suppression of STING","volume":"526","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2022.06.003","article-title":"Replication stress triggered by nucleotide pool imbalance drives DNA damage and cGAS-STING pathway activation in NAFLD","volume":"57","author":"Donne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42420-1","article-title":"RING finger protein 13 protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by targeting STING-relayed signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103114","article-title":"Role of Selenoprotein W in participating in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"71","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-019-0342-6","article-title":"STING expression in monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with the progression of liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261A","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26808","article-title":"Innate immune signaling couples endoplasmic reticulum stress to hepatocyte apoptosis via STING and mitochondrial IRF3 interactions","volume":"58","author":"Petrasek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30606","article-title":"STING-mediated inflammation contributes to Gao binge ethanol feeding model","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121842","article-title":"STING-mediated inflammation in Kupffer cells contributes to progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931176","article-title":"The absence of STING ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and reforms gut bacterial community","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194029","article-title":"The role of STING in liver injury is both stimulus- and time-dependent","volume":"14","author":"Siao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00559-3","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine Lingguizhugan decoction ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic-lipid deposition in mice by inhibiting STING-mediated inflammation in macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0014-7","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Seitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.183","article-title":"NAFLD, NASH and liver cancer","volume":"10","author":"Michelotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00652","article-title":"A telomerase-derived peptide exerts an anti-hepatitis B virus effect via mitochondrial DNA stress-dependent type I interferon production","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00771-17","article-title":"Activation of stimulator of interferon genes in hepatocytes suppresses the replication of hepatitis B virus","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000953","article-title":"AdrA as a potential immunomodulatory candidate for STING-mediated antiviral therapy that required both type I IFN and TNF - \u03b1 production","volume":"206","author":"Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116427","article-title":"Schisandrin C enhances cGAS-STING pathway activation and inhibits HBV replication","volume":"311","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147643","article-title":"Hbsag dampened sting associated activation of nk cells in hbeag-negative chb patients","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01785-3","article-title":"HBx inhibits DNA sensing signaling pathway via ubiquitination and autophagy of cGAS","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060592","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA is a substrate for the cGAS\/STING pathway but is not sensed in infected hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Lauterbach-Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02760-14","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus polymerase disrupts K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to block innate cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.019","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS4B blocks the interaction of STING and TBK1 to evade host innate immunity","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01720-15","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS4B can suppress STING accumulation to evade innate immune responses","volume":"90","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26017","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus NS4B protein targets STING and abrogates RIG-I-mediated type I interferon-dependent innate immunity","volume":"57","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000647","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by activation of the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03055-13","article-title":"Innate immune response induced by baculovirus attenuates transgene expression in mammalian cells","volume":"88","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28685","article-title":"Lack of immunological DNA sensing in hepatocytes facilitates hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"64","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab028","article-title":"Manganese breaks the immune tolerance of HBs-ag","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13596535231219639","DOI":"10.1177\/13596535231219639","article-title":"RVX-208, an inducer of Apolipoprotein A-I, inhibits the particle production of hepatitis B virus through activation of cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"28","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antiviral Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04321-14","article-title":"Sting agonists induce an innate antiviral immune response against hepatitis B virus","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.2c00424","article-title":"Synthetic stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists induce a cytokine-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus response in nonparenchymal liver cells","volume":"9","author":"Pimkova Polidarova","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00888-z","article-title":"The combination of Schisandrin C and Luteolin synergistically attenuates hepatitis B virus infection via repressing HBV replication and promoting cGAS-STING pathway activation in macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13563","article-title":"The cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase-STING signaling pathway is required for both the innate immune response against HBV and the suppression of HBV assembly","volume":"283","author":"Dansako","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.02.017","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of functionally cured chronic hepatitis B patients reveals activation of innate and altered CD4-CTL-driven adaptive immunity","volume":"81","author":"Narmada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00801-w","article-title":"STING signaling activation inhibits HBV replication and attenuates the severity of liver injury and HBV-induced fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28966","article-title":"HBV confers innate immune evasion through triggering HAT1\/acetylation of H4K5\/H4K12\/miR-181a-5p or KPNA2\/cGAS-STING\/IFN-I signaling","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109931","article-title":"ATG2B upregulated in LPS-stimulated BMSCs-derived exosomes attenuates septic liver injury by inhibiting macrophage STING signaling","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13622","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13622","article-title":"Defective mitophagy in aged macrophages promotes mitochondrial DNA cytosolic leakage to activate STING signaling during liver sterile inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01529-5","article-title":"Emodin Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"45","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500064","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd Inhibited Ferroptosis to Alleviate CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via cGAS\/STING Pathway","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01175-4","article-title":"Macrophage PTEN controls STING-induced inflammation and necroptosis through NICD\/NRF2 signaling in APAP-induced liver injury","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01912-4","article-title":"Manganese Exacerbates ConA-Induced Liver Inflammation via the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway","volume":"47","author":"Saimaier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.038","article-title":"STING modulates iron metabolism to promote liver injury and inflammation in acute immune hepatitis","volume":"210","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102305","article-title":"XBP1 deficiency promotes hepatocyte pyroptosis by impairing mitophagy to activate mtDNA-cGAS-STING signaling in macrophages during acute liver injury","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000699180.94561.4c","article-title":"Aging aggravated liver ischemia and reperfusion injury by promoting sting-mediated NLRP3 activation in macrophages","volume":"104","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.09.002","article-title":"Expression of STING is increased in monocyte-derived macrophages and contributes to liver inflammation in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"192","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111474","article-title":"Inhibition of Sirt3 activates the cGAS-STING pathway to aggravate hepatocyte damage in hepatic ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury mice","volume":"128","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.182","article-title":"MicroRNA-24-3p alleviates hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice through the repression of STING signaling","volume":"522","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100532","article-title":"Novel role of macrophage TXNIP-mediated CYLD\u2013NRF2\u2013OASL1 axis in stress-induced liver inflammation and cell death","volume":"4","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1189","article-title":"PPM1G regulates hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury through STING-mediated inflammatory pathways in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8123157","article-title":"STING induces liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting calcium-dependent caspase 1-GSDMD processing in macrophages","volume":"2022","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118986","article-title":"Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics induces liver fibrosis by activating cGAS\/STING pathway","volume":"300","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ pollut"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111132","article-title":"Activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway promotes liver fibrosis and hepatic sinusoidal microthrombosis","volume":"125","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.736991","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced hepatocellular death pathways mediate liver injury and fibrosis via stimulator of interferon genes","volume":"291","author":"Iracheta-Vellve","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj2102","article-title":"IRF3 activates RB to authorize cGAS-STING-induced senescence and mitigate liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115409","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress regulates LonP1-TDP-43 pathway and rises mitochondrial damage in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis","volume":"264","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114653","article-title":"Oroxylin A activates ferritinophagy to induce hepatic stellate cell senescence against hepatic fibrosis by regulating cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"162","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106590","article-title":"Oroxylin A regulates cGAS DNA hypermethylation induced by methionine metabolism to promote HSC senescence","volume":"187","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175241","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of cGAS\/STING-YAP axis suppresses pathological angiogenesis and ameliorates organ fibrosis","volume":"932","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c03689","article-title":"Senescence of hepatic stellate cells by specific delivery of manganese for limiting liver fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00923-9","article-title":"Site-specific ubiquitination of VDAC1 restricts its oligomerization and mitochondrial DNA release in liver fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100555","article-title":"XBP1-mediated activation of the STING signalling pathway in macrophages contributes to liver fibrosis progression","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102691","article-title":"STING mediates hepatocyte pyroptosis in liver fibrosis by Epigenetically activating the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"62","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000388","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA and the STING pathway are required for hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"78","author":"Arumugam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010233","article-title":"cGAS exacerbates Schistosoma japonicum infection in a STING-type I IFN-dependent and independent manner","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64788-6","article-title":"The role of the adaptor molecule STING during Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"10","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005206","article-title":"Activation of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibits hepatic necroptosis and ameliorates acute liver injury in mice","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120121","article-title":"Shaoyao Gancao decoction promotes splenic immune homeostasis mediating cGAS-STING signaling pathway to delay autoimmune hepatitis progression","volume":"352","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.104","article-title":"Hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and liver diseases: from pathogenesis to novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00807-x","article-title":"Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Hammerich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2210440","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210440","article-title":"A DNA\/DMXAA\/metal-organic framework activator of innate immunity for boosting anticancer immunity","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110323","article-title":"A recombinant oncolytic influenza virus expressing a PD-L1 antibody induces CD8+ T-cell activation via the cGas-STING pathway in mice with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"120","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000340","article-title":"ATR inhibitor AZD6738 enhances the antitumor activity of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors by potentiating the tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-020-02519-z","article-title":"Cancer cell-intrinsic STING is associated with CD8 + T-cell infiltration and might serve as a potential immunotherapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0395-x","article-title":"DNA sensing and associated type 1 interferon signaling contributes to progression of radiation-induced liver injury","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111628","article-title":"Enhanced NK cell activation via eEF2K-mediated potentiation of the cGAS\u2013STING pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2119055","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate radiotherapy-associated antitumor immune responses against hepatocellular carcinoma Via STING signaling","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.102090","article-title":"Harnessing a triphenylphosphine-based AIE nano-platform for triggering incomplete mitophagy to continuously augment anti-tumor immune response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5032","article-title":"Highly efficient and tumor-selective nanoparticles for dual-targeted immunogene therapy against cancer","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004006","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen facilitates teniposide-induced cGAS-STING activation to enhance the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 antibody in HCC","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916211026019","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced RNASEH2A limits activation of cGAS-STING signaling in HCC and predicts poor prognosis","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.014","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy-elicited sialylation of IgG antibodies impairs antitumorigenic type I interferon responses in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000709","article-title":"Inhibition of CAF-1 histone chaperone complex triggers cytosolic DNA and dsRNA sensing pathways and induces intrinsic immunity of hepatocellular carcinoma","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8852233","article-title":"Intratumoral STING agonist injection combined with irreversible electroporation delays tumor growth in a model of hepatocarcinoma","volume":"2021","author":"Lasarte-Cia","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149536","article-title":"NRF2 mutation enhances the immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing STING activation","volume":"698","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216507","article-title":"Olaparib enhances radiation-induced systemic anti-tumor effects via activating STING-chemokine signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"582","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.12.162","article-title":"Radiation Therapy Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immune Cloaking via PD-L1 Upregulation Induced by cGAS-STING Activation","volume":"112","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308009","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308009","article-title":"RECQL4 Inhibits Radiation-Induced Tumor Immune Awakening via Suppressing the cGAS-STING Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh) e2308009"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215880","article-title":"Sorafenib combined with STAT3 knockdown triggers ER stress-induced HCC apoptosis and cGAS-STING-mediated anti-tumor immunity","volume":"547","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.048","article-title":"STING agonist-based hydrogel enhances immune activation in synergy with radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100695","article-title":"TAK1 deficiency promotes liver injury and tumorigenesis via ferroptosis and macrophage cGAS-STING signalling","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS18-2344","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway is a therapeutic target in a preclinical model of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Thomsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.06.034","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin inhibitor ICG-001 enhances the antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy by increasing radiation-induced DNA damage and improving tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"162","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2104037","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202104037","article-title":"ZnS@BSA nanoclusters potentiate efficacy of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Cen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03555-8","article-title":"Downregulation of cytoplasmic DNases is implicated in cytoplasmic DNA accumulation and SASP in senescent cells","volume":"9","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0761","article-title":"The cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.05.013","article-title":"Cytosolic DNA sensing in organismal tumor control","volume":"34","author":"Vanpouille-Box","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105514","article-title":"Intrinsic strategies for the evasion of cGAS-STING signaling-mediated immune surveillance in human cancer: How therapy can overcome them","volume":"166","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.07.026","article-title":"DNA damage and cancer immunotherapy: A STING in the tale","volume":"80","author":"Reisl\u00e4nder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1462496","article-title":"Genomic instability as a driver and suppressor of anti-tumor immunity","volume":"15","author":"Requesens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2020.108342","article-title":"Micronuclei as biomarkers of DNA damage, aneuploidy, inducers of chromosomal hypermutation and as sources of pro-inflammatory DNA in humans","volume":"786","author":"Fenech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0346-1","article-title":"Old dogs, new trick: classic cancer therapies activate cGAS","volume":"30","author":"Yum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"viii712","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy424.015","article-title":"LBA15 - Preliminary results of the first-in-human (FIH) study of MK-1454, an agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as monotherapy or in combination with pembrolizumab (pembro) in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"29","author":"Harrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303517","article-title":"Tumor vascular destruction and cGAS-STING activation induced by single drug-loaded nano-micelles for multiple synergistic therapies of cancer","volume":"19","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01134-z","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy based on image-guided STING activation by nucleotide nanocomplex-decorated ultrasound microbubbles","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202411498","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202411498","article-title":"Metal-Phenolic Nanomaterial with Organelle-Level Precision Primes Antitumor Immunity via mtDNA-dependent cGAS-STING Activation","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.02.027","article-title":"Specific activation of cGAS-STING pathway by nanotherapeutics-mediated ferroptosis evoked endogenous signaling for boosting systemic tumor immunotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.08.006","article-title":"Nanodelivery of cGAS-STING activators for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01224-3","article-title":"GPR162 activates STING dependent DNA damage pathway as a novel tumor suppressor and radiation sensitizer","volume":"8","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13592","article-title":"The paradoxical role of radiation-induced cGAS-STING signalling network in tumour immunity","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-23-0373","article-title":"Roles of cGAS-STING pathway in radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1383000","article-title":"Harnessing the cGAS-STING pathway to potentiate radiation therapy: current approaches and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Colangelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02469-0","article-title":"The role of DNA damage repair (DDR) system in response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.01.003","article-title":"Alterations of DNA damage response pathway: Biomarker and therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.594621","article-title":"Type I interferons and malaria: A double-edge sword against a complex parasitic disease","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011262","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP5 enhances type I IFN responses by promoting ubiquitination of STING","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101347R","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP18I inhibits host innate immunity through cGAS-STING signaling","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1963","article-title":"Phase I dose-escalation trial of MIW815 (ADU-S100), an intratumoral STING agonist, in patients with advanced\/metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"28","author":"Meric-Bernstam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2235","article-title":"Combination of the STING agonist MIW815 (ADU-S100) and PD-1 inhibitor spartalizumab in advanced\/metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas: an open-label, multicenter, phase ib study","volume":"29","author":"Meric-Bernstam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-3630","article-title":"Phase I and II clinical studies of the STING agonist ulevostinag with and without pembrolizumab in participants with advanced or metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"31","author":"Harrington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-2824","article-title":"Intratumoral or subcutaneous MK-2118, a noncyclic dinucleotide STING agonist, with or without pembrolizumab, for advanced or metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"31","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01576-z","article-title":"Overcome the challenge for intratumoral injection of STING agonist for pancreatic cancer by systemic administration","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178649","article-title":"A study on the efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of liposome complexes containing STING agonist and anti-PD-L1 nanobody in inhibiting HCC","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-21-0161","article-title":"TAK-676: A novel stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist promoting durable IFN-dependent antitumor immunity in preclinical studies","volume":"2","author":"Carideo Cunniff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70001","article-title":"Discovery of a non-nucleotide stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist with systemic antitumor effect","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-4165","article-title":"Abstract 4165: A systemically administered killed bacteria-based multiple immune receptor agonist for pulsed anti-tumor immunotherapy","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1440132","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and action mechanisms of licochalcone B: a mini review","volume":"11","author":"Shaikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692365\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T06:29:53Z","timestamp":1765175393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692365\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":191,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692365","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"article-number":"1692365"}}