{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:33:45Z","timestamp":1773113625135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated gastric tumorigenesis is typically staged by histopathology, yet clinical decisions often hinge on immune dynamics that histology alone cannot resolve. This mini review introduces a phase-specific \u201cimmune snapshot\u201d framework that integrates three elements\u2014who is present in the microenvironment, how key circuits are engaged, and where these features reside\u2014to track immune trajectories across chronic gastritis, atrophy with intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia or early cancer. Rather than cataloging markers, we emphasized a practical approach that maps compact tissue and fluid assays to decision points, including when to normalize stroma and vasculature, when to prime antigenicity, and when to deploy checkpoint blockade. The novelty lies in linking stage-aware immune states to actionable sequencing of interventions and to risk-adapted surveillance intervals. By complementing histopathology with dynamic, mechanism-informed readouts that are feasible in routine practice, the framework aims to identify reversible barriers, clarify timing, and improve the effectiveness of prevention and early immunotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1765948824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mapping immune trajectories from Helicobacter pylori gastritis to gastric cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322368","article-title":"Screening and eradication of helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention: the taipei global consensus","volume":"69","author":"Liou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hel.12405","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12405","article-title":"Pathogenesis of helicobacter pylori infection","author":"Camilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2734","article-title":"Stats in cancer inflammation and immunity: A leading role for stat3","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci91190","article-title":"Ifn-\u0393-related mrna profile predicts clinical response to pd-1 blockade","volume":"127","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.013","article-title":"Structure and function of helicobacter pylori caga, the first-identified bacterial protein involved in human cancer","volume":"93","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Japan Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1095","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori vaca, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality","volume":"3","author":"Cover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2403","article-title":"Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics","volume":"353","author":"St\u00e5hl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30641-0","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (Checkmate 9la): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"523","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6204","article-title":"T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"348","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70015","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70015","article-title":"Innate immunity in helicobacter pylori infection and gastric oncogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v16.i9.109717","article-title":"Inflammation and detection: rethinking the biomarker landscape in gastric cancer","volume":"16","author":"Parang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00990-6","article-title":"Dendritic cell subsets in cancer immunity and tumor antigen sensing","volume":"20","author":"Del Prete","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11757","article-title":"Interferon-\u0393 Induced pd-L1 expression and soluble pd-L1 production in gastric cancer","volume":"20","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabp9020","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abp9020","article-title":"The helicobacter pylori caga oncoprotein disrupts wnt\/pcp signaling and promotes hyperproliferation of pyloric gland base cells","volume":"16","author":"Takahashi-Kanemitsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Signaling"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550752","article-title":"Targeting angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors: strategies from vascular disruption to vascular normalization and promotion strategies angiogenesis strategies in gi tumor therapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02882-6","article-title":"Spatial analysis by current multiplexed imaging technologies for the molecular characterisation of cancer tissues","volume":"131","author":"Semba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47173-z","article-title":"Decoding spatiotemporal transcriptional dynamics and epithelial fibroblast crosstalk during gastroesophageal junction development through single cell analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121459","article-title":"Current progress and challenges of immunotherapy in gastric cancer: A focus on car-T cells therapeutic approach","volume":"318","author":"Entezam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1347530","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of cytokine expression in gastric cancer: influence on angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance","volume":"15","author":"Reyes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01240-z","article-title":"Regulation of metaplasia and dysplasia in the stomach by the stromal microenvironment","volume":"56","author":"Rhodes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1135456","article-title":"Cancer immune exclusion: breaking the barricade for a successful immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Bruni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01167-5","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori caga-mediated ether lipid biosynthesis promotes ferroptosis susceptibility in gastric cancer","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01654-2","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: mechanisms and new perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0000000000001479","article-title":"Associations of duration, intensity, and quantity of smoking with risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia","volume":"56","author":"Thrift","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.17752","article-title":"Clinical significance of pd-L1, lag3, and vista in patients with poorly cohesive cell gastric cancer","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00726-4","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in inflammation and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02392-6","article-title":"Integration of mass cytometry and mass spectrometry imaging for spatially resolved single-cell metabolic profiling","volume":"21","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568590","article-title":"Mapping immunotherapy potential: spatial transcriptomics in the unraveling of tumor-immune microenvironments in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00691-y","article-title":"Targeting collagen to optimize cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70009","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70009","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cancers: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33128-9","article-title":"Prognostic value of soluble pd-L1 and exosomal pd-L1 in advanced gastric cancer patients receiving systemic chemotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103941","article-title":"Improving car-T immunotherapy: overcoming the challenges of T cell exhaustion","volume":"77","author":"Gumber","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1548234","article-title":"Deciphering T-cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment: paving the way for innovative solid tumor therapies","volume":"16","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01999-3","article-title":"Dysfunction of exhausted T cells is enforced by mct11-mediated lactate metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Peralta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1386","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1386","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages in gastric cancer: from function and mechanism to application","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Trans Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00522-z","article-title":"Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01698-8","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of major histocompatibility complexes in gastrointestinal Malignancies and the potential for clinical interception","volume":"16","author":"Tovar Perez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81764-6","article-title":"Association of pd-L1 positivity with epstein barr virus infection and microsatellite instability in gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02079-z","article-title":"Mobilization and activation of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells inhibits lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01114-w","article-title":"Normalization of the tumor microenvironment by harnessing vascular and immune modulation to achieve enhanced cancer therapy","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01499-1","article-title":"Targeting lag-3, tim-3, and tigit for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03209-4","article-title":"Clinical applications and perspectives of circulating tumor DNA in gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693004\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1765948824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693004\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"article-number":"1693004"}}