{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:27:00Z","timestamp":1789140420951,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is primarily categorized into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which exhibit distinct pathogenic mechanisms. T1DM is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, predominantly resulting from the autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In contrast, T2DM arises from a combination of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and a compensatory insulin secretory response that ultimately becomes inadequate. The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is orchestrated through bidirectional crosstalk between autoimmune aggression and metabolic derangement. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, innate-like lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity, play pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity through cytokine production and cytotoxicity. This review comprehensively examines the dual roles of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells across diabetes mellitus types. Furthermore, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells contribute to diabetic complications and are profoundly affected by the diabetic milieu, leading to defective anti-infection and anti-tumor immunity. We discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting \u03b3\u03b4 T cells or their effector pathways and highlight key knowledge gaps regarding subset-specific functions, dynamic changes during disease progression, and tissue-resident \u03b3\u03b4 T cell roles. Elucidating these mechanisms may provide a strong foundation for developing novel \u03b3\u03b4 T cell-based immunotherapies for diabetes mellitus and its complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T07:10:02Z","timestamp":1763449802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u03b3\u03b4 T cells in diabetes mellitus: dual roles and therapeutic 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