{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:57:11Z","timestamp":1792821431876,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT-2019-1698, PICT 2020-1173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2019-1698, PICT 2020-1173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008056","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Florencio Fiorini","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-to-JQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-to-JQ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010253","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia y T\u00e9cnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-22320230100229BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-22320230100229BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      People with HIV experience bone loss, but how viral spread perturbs osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. We asked whether cell-to-cell transmission of HIV from infected CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells to macrophages reprograms precursors and impairs osteoclast differentiation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We co-cultured Jurkat cells infected with R5- or X4-tropic HIV with human monocyte-derived macrophages (M0\/M1\/M2) and quantified infection (p24\/GFP), inflammasome activation and death (IL-1\u03b2, AnnexinV\/7-AAD, z-YVAD), adhesion molecules\/tetraspanins (ICAM-1, LFA-1, CD9\/CD63\/CD81), mROS (MitoSOX, NAC), polarization markers\/cytokines, and osteoclastogenesis (TRAP, actin ring, CD51\/61, adhesion, bone resorption).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      R5 HIV infected M0&amp;gt;M2&amp;gt;M1 macrophages via contact, sustaining p24 release across differentiation and reducing TRAP\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      osteoclasts and resorption. HIV-exposed macrophages showed inflammasome-linked death and IL-1\u03b2 induction; contact enhanced Mf\u2013T conjugates and upregulated ICAM-1\/LFA-1 and tetraspanins. HIV-infected T cells displayed pro-inflammatory TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 profiles, skewing macrophages toward M1-like states. Jurkat-derived ROS promoted conjugates and mROS accumulation in macrophages, while NAC reduced contact and oxidative imbalance. Nevirapine partially restored osteoclastogenesis and revealed contact-associated drug insensitivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects scaled with the proportion of infected T cells. HIV cell-to-cell spread induces inflammatory and redox reprogramming in macrophage precursors that blocks osteoclast differentiation and function, offering testable targets (inflammasome, adhesion, ROS) to protect bone in HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1694065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T06:21:53Z","timestamp":1763101313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inflammatory and redox reprogramming of macrophages by HIV cell-to-cell transmission inhibits bone resorption capacity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Franco A.","family":"Sviercz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Jarmoluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Alicia","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Freiberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cintia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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