{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:13:39Z","timestamp":1779898419613,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), also known as primary immunodeficiencies, are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulation, and malignancy. Early detection remains a major challenge due to the complexity of clinical presentations, limited awareness among non-specialists, and delayed diagnostic pathways. This review explores current strategies to enhance early detection of IEI, highlighting both technological innovations and clinical insights. Tools such as newborn screening, the Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) warning signs, software like SPIRIT, and the PIDCAP project\u2014a structured model designed for primary care implementation using ICD-coded clinical data\u2014 have shown promise in identifying at-risk patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers additional potential by detecting diagnostic patterns in electronic health records, although challenges related to data quality, heterogeneity, and system interoperability persist. Importantly, hematologic manifestations such as autoimmune cytopenias, lymphoproliferative disorders, and myelodysplastic syndromes often precede or accompany IEI and should prompt immunological evaluation. These conditions, frequently encountered in hematology, may serve as early clinical clues and justify genetic and immunophenotypic assessment. A multidisciplinary approach combining primary care, immunology, hematology, and AI technologies is essential to advance the early detection of IEI. Projects like PIDCAP, and their potential extension to secondary immunodeficiencies, exemplify scalable, patient-centered strategies that may significantly improve diagnostic timeliness and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1701384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1767335305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Building alliances for early detection of immunodeficiencies: from primary care to hematology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jacques G.","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marl\u00e8ne","family":"Pasquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Gambineri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00737-x","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2019 update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee","volume":"40","author":"Tangye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70962\/jhi.20250003","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2024 update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"1","author":"Poli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hum Immun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70962\/jhi.20250002","article-title":"The 2024 update of IUIS phenotypic classification of human inborn errors of immunity","volume":"1","author":"Bousfiha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hum Immun"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.011","article-title":"Validating inborn error of immunity prevalence and risk with nationally representative electronic health record data","volume":"153","author":"Rider","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-8996-5","article-title":"Global report on primary immunodeficiencies: 2018 update from the Jeffrey Modell Centers Network on disease classification, regional trends, treatment modalities, and physician reported outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Modell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunologic Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.04.015","article-title":"Initial presenting manifestations in 16,486 patients with inborn errors of immunity include infections and noninfectious manifestations","volume":"148","author":"Thalhammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.790","article-title":"An appraisal of the frequency and severity of noninfectious manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: A&xa0;study of a national retrospective cohort of 1375 patients over 10 years","volume":"149","author":"Alligon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.855445","article-title":"Beyond infections: new warning signs for inborn errors of immunity in children","volume":"10","author":"Costagliola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-024-00938-z","article-title":"Inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720951288","article-title":"National Survey about awareness of Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders among Primary Care Physicians in Saudi Arabia: Protocol and Challenges","volume":"11","author":"AlFattani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21911\/aai.686","article-title":"Awareness concerning primary immunodeficiencies among physicians in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Esenbo\u011fa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asthma Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eAO6289","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2021AO6289","article-title":"Awareness of primary immunodeficiency diseases at a national pediatric reference center in Peru","volume":"19","author":"Veramendi-Espinoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"IDF national immunoglobulin treatment survey","year":"2013"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"IDF 2017 national Patient Survey","year":""},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.100920","article-title":"Newborn screening for inborn errors of immunity: The status worldwide","volume":"17","author":"Chong-Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.018","article-title":"Newborn screening for SCID and severe T lymphocytopenia in Europe","volume":"155","author":"Blom","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.020","article-title":"SCID newborn screening: What we\u2019ve learned","volume":"147","author":"Currier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8092-3","article-title":"From genotype to phenotype. Further studies measuring the impact of a Physician Education and Public Awareness Campaign on early diagnosis and management of Primary Immunodeficiencies","volume":"44","author":"Modell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunologic Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8241-y","article-title":"Global study of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PI)\u2014diagnosis, treatment, and economic impact: an updated report from the Jeffrey Modell Foundation","volume":"51","author":"Modell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunologic Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01825-3","article-title":"Development of an expert-based scoring system for early identification of patients with inborn errors of immunity in primary care settings \u2013 the PIDCAP project","volume":"45","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-122320-112352","article-title":"Using phecodes for research with the electronic health record: from pheWAS to pheRS","volume":"4","author":"Bastarache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Data Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade4510","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade4510","article-title":"Electronic health record signatures identify undiagnosed patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01575-8","article-title":"Clinical validation of a primary antibody deficiency screening algorithm for primary care","volume":"43","author":"Messelink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2024.100224","article-title":"Natural language processing of clinical notes enables early inborn error of immunity risk ascertainment","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.06.015","article-title":"Current perspectives and challenges of using artificial intelligence in immunodeficiencies","volume":"156","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"The fourth revolution","author":"Qiang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Garrett\n              M\n            \n            \n              Doan\n              L\n            \n            \n              Breen\n              K\n            \n          \n          Software developers want AI to give medical advice, but questions abound about accuracy\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"AI chatbots can diagnose medical conditions at home. How good are they","author":"Reardon","year":"2023","journal-title":"ScientificAmerican"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.002","article-title":"Proceedings from the inaugural Artificial Intelligence in Primary Immune Deficiencies (AIPID) conference","volume":"153","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01981-2","article-title":"Multimodal biomedical AI","volume":"28","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.005","article-title":"A validated artificial intelligence-based pipeline for population-wide primary immunodeficiency screening","volume":"151","author":"Rider","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aci.0000000000000691","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the hunt for immunological disorders","volume":"20","author":"Rider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102861","article-title":"Challenges and strategies for wide-scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in healthcare practices: A perspective for healthcare organizations","volume":"151","author":"Esmaeilzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70073-7","article-title":"Innovation and challenges of artificial intelligence technology in personalized healthcare","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237285","article-title":"PI Prob: A risk prediction and clinical guidance system for evaluating patients with recurrent infections","volume":"16","author":"Rider","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-023-00790-7","article-title":"Development of a primary care screening algorithm for the early detection of patients at risk of primary antibody deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Messelink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.08.012","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning for inborn errors of immunity: current state and future promise","volume":"12","author":"Martinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14175958","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in inborn errors of immunity identification and management: past, present, and future\u2014A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Taietti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1593897","article-title":"New tools for diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies: from awareness to artificial intelligence","volume":"16","author":"Soler-Palac\u00edn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0592-z","article-title":"Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081836","article-title":"Decoding immunodeficiencies with artificial intelligence: A new era of precision medicine","volume":"13","author":"Sciaccotta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.09.002","article-title":"Proceedings of the second Artificial Intelligence in Primary Immunodeficiency (AIPI) meeting","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06206.x","article-title":"Ten warning signs of primary immunodeficiency: a new paradigm is needed for the 21st century","volume":"1238","author":"Arkwright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann New York Acad Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2022.2137966","article-title":"Physician awareness and understanding of primary immunodeficiency disorders: a web-based study in Japan","volume":"46","author":"Imai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Early diagnosis in Primary Care Center","year":""},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-022-00662-6","article-title":"Growth in diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency within the global Jeffrey Modell Centers Network","volume":"18","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103401","article-title":"Extended list of warning signs in qualification to diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of immunity in children and young adults","volume":"12","author":"D\u0105browska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00586","article-title":"Primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases in oncohaematology: warning signs, diagnosis, and management","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0923-8","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency diseases in lung disease: warning signs, diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Soler-Palac\u00edn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928062","article-title":"Secondary immune deficiency and primary immune deficiency crossovers: hematological Malignancies and autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ballow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-024-02369-1","article-title":"Challenges and successes in cellular therapies and CAR-T: insights from the 50th EBMT annual meeting","volume":"59","author":"Colman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02146-y","article-title":"Revolutionizing cancer treatment: a comprehensive review of CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"40","author":"Dabas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00868-x","article-title":"Emerging new therapeutic antibody derivatives for cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2005.05.007","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of rituximab (MabThera)","volume":"31","author":"Kimby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.03.041","article-title":"Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients","volume":"148","author":"Labrosse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01856-7","article-title":"Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01808-1","article-title":"Drug repurposing for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41501","article-title":"Incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of late-onset neutropenia from rituximab for autoimmune disease","volume":"73","author":"Zonozi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.852937","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiencies and hematologic Malignancies: A diagnostic approach","volume":"13","author":"Chandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mop.0000000000000833","article-title":"Autoimmunity as a continuum in primary immunodeficiency","volume":"31","author":"Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-583260","article-title":"Autoimmune and other cytopenias in primary immunodeficiencies: pathomechanisms, novel differential diagnoses, and treatment","volume":"124","author":"Seidel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.12.978","article-title":"Autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations occur frequently in patients with primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"140","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.12.009","article-title":"Pediatric-onset Evans syndrome: Heterogeneous presentation and high frequency of monogenic disorders including LRBA and CTLA4 mutations","volume":"188","author":"Besnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.038","article-title":"Outcomes and treatment strategies for autoimmunity and hyperinflammation in patients with RAG deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Farmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-887141","article-title":"Pediatric Evans syndrome is associated with a high frequency of potentially damaging variants in immune genes","volume":"134","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3542","article-title":"Unmasking Evans syndrome: T-cell phenotype and apoptotic response reveal autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)","volume":"105","author":"Teachey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12395","article-title":"Human autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive update","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790455","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenias and dysregulated immunophenotype act as warning signs of inborn errors of immunity: results from a prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Schiavo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012924","article-title":"T-follicular helper cell expansion and chronic T-cell activation are characteristic immune anomalies in Evans syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176295","article-title":"Inborn errors of immunity in pediatric hematology and oncology: diagnostic principles for clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Roberti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000153","article-title":"Treatment of immune-mediated cytopenias in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs)","volume":"2020","author":"Seidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4169","article-title":"Association of immunoglobulin levels, infectious risk, and mortality with rituximab and hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"1","author":"Barmettler","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13620","article-title":"Lymphadenopathy at the crossroad between immunodeficiency and autoinflammation: An intriguing challenge","volume":"205","author":"Costagliola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.07.015","article-title":"Genetic errors of immunity distinguish pediatric nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"149","author":"Forbes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856601","article-title":"Lymphoproliferation in inborn errors of immunity: the eye does not see what the mind does not know","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006654","article-title":"Genomic characterization of lymphomas in patients with inborn errors of immunity","volume":"6","author":"Xiaofei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Advances"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01818-2","article-title":"Dissecting secondary immunodeficiency: identification of primary immunodeficiency within B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"45","author":"Palacios-Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015482","article-title":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation compared to conservative management in adults with inborn errors of immunity","volume":"141","author":"Cheminant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666x.2024.2386427","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferation in inborn errors of immunity: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","volume":"20","author":"Barman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008187","article-title":"How I use allogeneic HSCT for adults with inborn errors of immunity","volume":"138","author":"Burns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.11.055","article-title":"Lifelong immune modulation versus hematopoietic cell therapy for inborn errors of immunity","volume":"9","author":"Cooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunology: In Practice"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12867-7_3","article-title":"HistocompatIbility Antigens (HLA) and Transplantation","volume-title":"Absolute Allergy and Immunology Board Review","author":"Lozano Chinga","year":"2022"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2019.03.021","article-title":"High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation as consolidation treatment for primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01935-6","article-title":"Malignancy and autoimmune susceptibility in adult patients with human inborn errors of immunity","volume":"45","author":"Segura-Tudela","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-765214","article-title":"How I treat myelodysplastic syndromes of childhood","volume":"131","author":"Locatelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143380","article-title":"Genetics of myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Saygin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18330","article-title":"GATA2 deficiency and MDS\/AML: Experimental strategies for disease modelling and future therapeutic prospects","volume":"199","author":"Kotmayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.935321","article-title":"Gain-of-function defects in toll-like receptor 8 shed light on the interface between immune system and bone marrow failure disorders","volume":"13","author":"Bleesing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1701384\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:27Z","timestamp":1767335307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1701384\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1701384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1701384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"1701384"}}