{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:38:49Z","timestamp":1785515929853,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on immune cells, and its co-expression with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an established mechanism of immune exhaustion and resistance to checkpoint blockade. To overcome this, we developed PD-1\/Tim-3-decorated nanovesicles (PD-1\/Tim-3 NVs) for combination immunotherapy against colorectal cancer. These vesicles selectively engaged the ligands PD-L1 and Galectin-9. In mice bearing CT26 xenografts, PD-1\/Tim-3 NVs suppressed tumor growth by 69.0%, remodeled the tumor microenvironment by enhancing CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell infiltration and activation, and depleting immunosuppressive regulatory T cells. Our findings highlight the promising potential of simultaneous PD-1 and Tim-3 blockade for treating advanced tumors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1705438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T05:20:28Z","timestamp":1765948828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dual checkpoint blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 by engineered hybrid nanovesicles for enhanced cancer 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