{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:10:33Z","timestamp":1792426233969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor in women, driven by various factors. Its incidence has been rising annually and has become an urgent global public health challenge. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the immune microenvironment (IME) of breast cancer plays a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Through multi-target and multi-pathway regulatory effects, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) demonstrates unique potential in reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This narrative review aims to systematically organize and summarize recent mechanistic advancements, elucidating how Traditional Chinese Medicine (primarily based on Chinese herbal medicine) regulates the function and polarization of key immune cells, controls immune checkpoints and cytokine networks, thereby inhibiting tumor immune escape, enhancing anti-tumor immunity, and exerting anti-BC effects. Despite the promising prospects, the application of TCM in BC immunotherapy still faces numerous challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, dosage complexity, and safety issues. Future research should focus on large-scale, multi-center clinical trials combining contemporary immunotherapy strategies, aiming to achieve better clinical outcomes in BC treatment and provide insights for immunotherapy of other cancer types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1706379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:26:44Z","timestamp":1768458404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the breast-cancer immune microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiameng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutuo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02253-5","article-title":"Global trends and forecasts of breast cancer incidence and deaths","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12207","article-title":"Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"41","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast cancer: pathogenesis and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2618","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Joyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3962","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment innately modulates cancer progression","volume":"79","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00741-4","article-title":"Immunology and immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Greten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301749","article-title":"PEG-sheddable nanodrug remodels tumor microenvironment to promote effector T cell infiltration and revise their exhaustion for breast cancer immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-25-0512","article-title":"CAFs defang NK cells to promote breast cancer immunosuppression","volume":"15","author":"Sherman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173090","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"877","author":"Yunna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00846-y","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer and cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"Lasser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology","volume":"14","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"141","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0165-6","article-title":"Clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Stanton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550003","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating immune cells state-implications for various breast cancer subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02416-5","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of breast Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.01.045","article-title":"Exploring the pharmacological mechanism of Yanghe Decoction on HER2-positive breast cancer by a network pharmacology approach","volume":"199","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119000","article-title":"Xihuang pill suppresses breast cancer Malignancy by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2 signaling and acquires chemotherapy benefits","volume":"337","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.05.04","article-title":"Huangqi Sijunzi decoction for treating cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients: a randomized trial and network pharmacology study","volume":"42","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20181260","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20181260","article-title":"Yanghe Huayan decoction inhibits the capability of trans-endothelium and angiogenesis of HER2+ breast cancer via pAkt signaling","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01103-4","article-title":"Spatial architecture of the immune microenvironment orchestrates tumor immunity and therapeutic response","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.081","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1472772","article-title":"Advances in targeting tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1387975","article-title":"Regulation of Treg cells by cytokine signaling and co-stimulatory molecules","volume":"15","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0257-x","article-title":"B cells, plasma cells and antibody repertoires in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"20","author":"Sharonov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13384","article-title":"Natural killer cells and engagers: Powerful weapons against cancer","volume":"328","author":"Bottino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00830-x","article-title":"Disrupting the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors of \u03b3\u03b4T cells for effective cancer immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Beringer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1937","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115736","article-title":"Hijacked immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression and cues to improve T cell-based immunotherapy of solid tumors","volume":"22","author":"Balta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028472","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028472","article-title":"Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Waldmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01868-3","article-title":"Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5684","article-title":"Drug resistance and tumor immune microenvironment: An overview of current understandings (Review)","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/PNGT6996","article-title":"Immune evasion and resistance in breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ababneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31764-9","article-title":"Hypoxia induces HIF1\u03b1-dependent epigenetic vulnerability in triple negative breast cancer to confer immune effector dysfunction and resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1199105","article-title":"Hypoxia: syndicating triple negative breast cancer against various therapeutic regimens","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.668349","article-title":"CAFs interacting with TAMs in tumor microenvironment to enhance tumorigenesis and immune evasion","volume":"11","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-4141","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts suppress CD8+ T-cell infiltration and confer resistance to immune-checkpoint blockade","volume":"82","author":"Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05777-4","article-title":"The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immune evasion","volume":"150","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_2_24","article-title":"The prevalence of PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer patients and its correlation with survival rates and other prognostic factors: A survival analysis","volume":"13","author":"Izadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv BioMed Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1309677","article-title":"Addition of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors to chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-010-9247-y","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and breast cancer: implications for immunopathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2618-7","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer","volume":"140","author":"Markowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102461","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"110","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2021.06.001","article-title":"Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: A molecular insight into the microenvironment, treatment, and resistance","volume":"1","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00543-0","article-title":"Immune landscape of breast tumors with low and intermediate estrogen receptor expression","volume":"9","author":"Voorwerk","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6352","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246352","article-title":"Impact of immune cell heterogeneity on HER2+ Breast cancer prognosis and response to therapy","volume":"13","author":"Perrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133167","article-title":"Immunological landscape of HER-2 positive breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Moragon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02003-w","article-title":"Estrogen\/ER in anti-tumor immunity regulation to tumor cell and tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092227","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer: navigating innovations, overcoming resistance, and shaping future therapies","volume":"13","author":"Sabit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X2450006X","article-title":"The effectiveness of traditional chinese medicine in treating Malignancies via regulatory cell death pathways and the tumor immune microenvironment: A review of recent advances","volume":"52","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00785-x","article-title":"Focus on T cell exhaustion: new advances in traditional Chinese medicine in infection and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2024.050057","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer through multiple mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00624","article-title":"Saikosaponin A inhibits breast cancer by regulating Th1\/Th2 balance","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155180","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 enhances immune surveillance of natural killer (NK) cells via inhibition of ERp5 in breast cancer","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001038","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum spore oil synergistically enhances the function of cyclophosphamide in the prevention of breast cancer metastasis","volume":"87","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.100977","article-title":"Xianling Lianxia formula improves the efficacy of trastuzumab by enhancing NK cell-mediated ADCC in HER2-positive BC","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/ABBS.2023281","article-title":"Xianling Lianxia formula enhances the inhibitory effects of trastuzumab on HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114685","article-title":"Dendritic cell vaccines in breast cancer: Immune modulation and immunotherapy","volume":"162","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534735420946830","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735420946830","article-title":"Huaier extractum promotes dendritic cells maturation and favors them to induce Th1 immune response: one of the mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor activity","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.913824","article-title":"Huaier induces immunogenic cell death via circCLASP1\/PKR\/eIF2\u03b1 Signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.678865","article-title":"A polysaccharide from the whole plant of Plantago asiatica L. Enhances the antitumor activity of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy against breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.11.011","article-title":"Cytokines in cancer","volume":"43","author":"Kureshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02378-8","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1277243","article-title":"Harnessing the power of traditional Chinese medicine monomers and compound prescriptions to boost cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207326666230320103437","article-title":"Sini decoction inhibits tumor progression and enhances the anti-tumor immune response in a murine model of colon cancer","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2024.100263","article-title":"IL-12 family cytokines and autoimmune diseases: A potential therapeutic target","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-3433-8","article-title":"Anti-tumor and phenotypic regulation effect of matrine on dendritic cells through regulating TLRs pathway","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2023.0190","article-title":"Interleukin-12: structure, function, and its impact in colorectal cancer","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.06.021","article-title":"Natural vaccine adjuvants from traditional Chinese medicines: Mechanisms to applications","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246447","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoparticles encapsulating astragalus polysaccharide and gold nanorods in combination with focused ultrasound for the treatment of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.08.002","article-title":"Proactive and reactive roles of TGF-\u03b2 in cancer","volume-title":"Seminars in cancer biology","author":"Kuburich","year":"2023"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106831","article-title":"Oridonin inhibits 4T1 tumor growth by suppressing Treg differentiation via TGF-\u03b2 receptor","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7326","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157326","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in cancer: mechanisms of progression and therapeutic targets","volume":"26","author":"Cecerska-Hery\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0512-0","article-title":"Inhibitory receptors and ligands beyond PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4: breakthroughs or backups","volume":"20","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102374","article-title":"Progress in the regulation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment by bioactive compounds of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0306-5","article-title":"A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Waldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.06.014","article-title":"Berberine diminishes cancer cell PD-L1 expression and facilitates antitumor immunity via inhibiting the deubiquitination activity of CSN5","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01850-7","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1168226","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine inhibits PD-1\/PD-L1 axis to sensitize cancer immunotherapy: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01901-9","article-title":"Targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in breast cancer","volume":"29","author":"Jama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110786","article-title":"Cordycepin synergizes with CTLA-4 blockade to remodel the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cancer immunotherapy","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14629-4","article-title":"Effects of Bojungikki-Tang on immune response and clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a randomized pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Ko","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61983","article-title":"A comprehensive review of monoclonal antibodies in modern medicine: tracing the evolution of a revolutionary therapeutic approach","volume":"16","author":"Kothari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01468-7","article-title":"Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18470","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of antibody-based biological medicines in cancer therapy","volume":"28","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118955","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine enhances the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in tumor treatment: A mechanism discussion","volume":"338","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1661503","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15347354251349824","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354251349824","article-title":"Progress of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating immune cell in the tumor microenvironment of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1530056","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential and in vitro validation of baicalin for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S429530","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine for breast cancer: a review","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer: Targets Ther"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00775-2","article-title":"Aiduqing formula inhibits breast cancer metastasis by suppressing TAM\/CXCL1-induced Treg differentiation and infiltration","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X20500780","article-title":"Positive role of Chinese herbal medicine in cancer immune regulation","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4369\u20134403","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70018","article-title":"Flavonoids being chemo-preventive agents induce programmed cell death: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"39","author":"Nawaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107747","article-title":"Quercetin exerts anti-tumor immune mechanism by regulating IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway to deplete Treg cells","volume":"243","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104423","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates TNBC lung metastasis by down-regulating PD-1 expression on pulmonary T cells and converting macrophages to M1 phenotype in a murine tumor model","volume":"368","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101634","article-title":"Oxymatrine and astragaloside IV co-loaded liposomes: Scale-up purposes and their enhancement of anti-PD-1 efficacy against breast cancer","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2025.068292","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin inhibits triple-negative breast cancer progression via targeting the IRF5\/SLC7A5\/IDO1-mediated tryptophan metabolism pathway","volume":"33","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-025-03453-x","article-title":"Advancements in saponin-based vaccine adjuvants","volume":"34","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicinal Chem Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01623-2","article-title":"Targeting therapy and tumor microenvironment remodeling of triple-negative breast cancer by ginsenoside Rg3 based liposomes","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154307","article-title":"Total glucosides of paeony inhibit breast cancer growth by inhibiting TAMs infiltration through NF-\u03baB\/CCL2 signaling","volume":"104","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-021-01684-y","article-title":"Terpenoids\u2019 anti-cancer effects: focus on autophagy","volume":"26","author":"El-Baba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01210-1","article-title":"Artemisia annua-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram breast tumor immune microenvironment via altering macrophage polarization and synergizing recruitment of T lymphocytes","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008864","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-008864","article-title":"Novel insights into paclitaxel\u2019s role on tumor-associated macrophages in enhancing PD-1 blockade in breast cancer treatment","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1443648","article-title":"Mechanistic exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine regulation on tumor immune microenvironment in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: based on CiteSpace and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.743837","article-title":"Baicalein potentiated M1 macrophage polarization in cancer through targeting PI3K\u03b3\/NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.104","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/Or.2020.7891","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid induces apoptosis, inhibits metastasis and improves antitumor immunity in breast cancer via the NF\u2212\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"45","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8454","article-title":"ERK\/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8040103","article-title":"Flavonoids: new frontier for immuno-regulation and breast cancer control","volume":"8","author":"Sudhakaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-025-00407-6","article-title":"Targeting the MAPK signaling pathway: implications and prospects of flavonoids in 3P medicine as modulators of cancer cell plasticity and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer patients","volume":"16","author":"Kubatka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epma J"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal transduction targeted Ther"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00355-3","article-title":"Quercetin as a JAK-STAT inhibitor: a potential role in solid tumors and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"27","author":"Zalpoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42682","article-title":"Phytochemical insights into flavonoids in cancer: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and the case of quercetin","volume":"11","author":"Silva-Pinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16003","article-title":"Dysfunction of sinus macrophages in tumor-bearing host induces resistance to immunotherapy","volume":"115","author":"Anami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12491","article-title":"Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway by curcumin and its analogues for breast cancer: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Golmohammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Model Exp Med"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53320-9","article-title":"Combined effects of naringin and doxorubicin on the JAK\/STAT signaling pathway reduce the development and spread of breast cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Effat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03758-4","article-title":"Synergistic gambogic acid\/Ga\u00b3+ remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to enhance triple-negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408377","article-title":"Natural plant-derived polysaccharides targeting macrophage polarization: a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02345-5","article-title":"To explore immune synergistic function of Quercetin in inhibiting breast cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157225","article-title":"Dark sweet cherry anthocyanins suppressed triple-negative breast cancer pulmonary metastasis and downregulated genes associated with metastasis and therapy resistance in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Nava-Ochoa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123838","article-title":"Structural feature and antitumor activity of a N-acetylglucosamine containing polysaccharide from Ganoderma sinense","volume":"366","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47070546","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Lobelia nummularia Extract in Breast Cancer: Targeting EGFR\/TP53 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling via ROS-Mediated Apoptosis","volume":"47","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbab020","article-title":"CXCL13 expression in mouse 4T1 breast cancer microenvironment elicits antitumor immune response by regulating immune cell infiltration","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-228","article-title":"Imagable 4T1 model for the study of late stage breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120333","article-title":"Enhancing TNBC Chemo-immunotherapy via combination reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment with Immunogenic Cell Death","volume":"598","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109733","article-title":"Platycodin D induces neutrophil apoptosis by downregulating PD-L1 expression to inhibit breast cancer pulmonary metastasis","volume":"115","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15180","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315180","article-title":"Dihydrotanshinone I inhibits the lung metastasis of breast cancer by suppressing neutrophil extracellular traps formation","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17142342","article-title":"Targeting triple-negative breast cancer with momordicine-I for therapeutic gain in preclinical models","volume":"17","author":"Kesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109103","article-title":"Neobavaisoflavone inhibits antitumor immunosuppression via myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"111","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029031","article-title":"Clinical study on Yanghe decoction in improving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy efficacy and immune function of breast cancer patients","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011061","article-title":"Clinical study on postoperative triple-negative breast cancer with Chinese medicine: Study protocol for an observational cohort trial","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737076","article-title":"Sanguisorbae radix suppresses colorectal tumor growth through PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade and synergistic effect with pembrolizumab in a humanized PD-L1-expressing colorectal cancer mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S444214","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in regulating tumor microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01046-3","article-title":"Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7554","article-title":"Role of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Keenan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02559-z","article-title":"The traditional chinese medicine monomer Ailanthone improves the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 in melanoma cells by targeting c-Jun","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.08.028","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles potentiate immune checkpoint antibody efficacy by reprogramming the cold tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-021-01123-4","article-title":"Concomitant inhibition of B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression by a novel and synthetic microRNA delivers potent antitumor activities in colorectal tumor models","volume":"39","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211203.701","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma inhibits expression of immune checkpoint PD-L1 by targeting miR-34a in esophageal carcinoma cells","volume":"47","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156051","article-title":"Huaier-induced suppression of cancer-associated fibroblasts confers immunotherapeutic sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15505","article-title":"Synergistic effects of the immune checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4 combined with the growth inhibitor lycorine in a mouse model of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04479-z","article-title":"Pharmacological targets and mechanism of baicalein in treating breast cancer: a study based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and bioinformatics analysis","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010124","article-title":"Engineered adoptive T-cell therapies for breast cancer: current progress, challenges, and potential","volume":"16","author":"Chamorro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06243-w","article-title":"CAR T therapy beyond cancer: the evolution of a living drug","volume":"619","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.030","article-title":"Augmenting NK cell-based immunotherapy by targeting mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"185","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609705","article-title":"Research status and molecular mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine and antitumor therapy combined strategy based on tumor microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.746917","article-title":"Anti-tumor effects of Chinese medicine compounds by regulating immune cells in microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135209","article-title":"Pivotal role of JNK protein in the therapeutic efficacy of parthenolide against breast cancer: Novel and comprehensive evidences from network pharmacology, single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics","volume":"279","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157309","article-title":"Glycyrrhetinic acid orchestrates ERS-pyroptosis crosstalk to elicit immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"148","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1402448","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Xihuang Pill in colorectal cancer: Metabolomic and microbiome-driven approaches","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44828","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044828","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of HaiZao-YuHu decoction in breast cancer treatment via network pharmacology and molecular docking: Computational pharmacology","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70261","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70261","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanisms of modified Si Miao San in treating gouty arthritis: network pharmacology and experimental validation","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Chromatogr"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5064","article-title":"Mechanisms and network pharmacological analysis of Yangyin Fuzheng Jiedu prescription in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00995-x","article-title":"Application of omics technologies in studies on antitumor effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S530516","article-title":"Elucidating the pharmacological basis of Xianling Cifang granules against breast cancer. A metabolomic profiling study","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30807","article-title":"Targeting lipid reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment by traditional Chinese medicines as a potential cancer treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.21037\/abs-25-24","article-title":"Spatial omics in biomarker discovery in breast cancer: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Santiago","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Breast Surg"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06598-6","article-title":"Integrating spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveals tumor heterogeneity and intercellular networks in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674192","article-title":"The immunology of hormone receptor positive breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Goldberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123878","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3123878","article-title":"Effects of integrated chinese traditional medicine and conventional western medicine on the quality of life of breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B163","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine: from aqueous extracts to therapeutic formulae","volume-title":"Plant Extracts","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1714898","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharides: structure-immunomodulation relationships, multi-target pharmacological activities, and cutting-edge applications in immune modulation","volume":"16","author":"Bo","year":"","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00687-4","article-title":"Integrated dose\u2013response metabolomics with therapeutic effects and adverse reactions may demystify the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01156-4","article-title":"Herb-drug interactions in oncology: pharmacodynamic\/pharmacokinetic mechanisms and risk prediction","volume":"20","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00433-2","article-title":"Applying regulatory science in traditional Chinese medicines for improving public safety and facilitating innovation in China: a scoping review and regulatory implications","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.960957","article-title":"Levels of evidence, quality assessment, and risk of bias: evaluating the internal validity of primary research","volume":"9","author":"Sargeant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1092402","article-title":"Research progress on the immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture in tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-025-01869-3","article-title":"The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1146433","article-title":"Meta-analysis of effects of yoga exercise intervention on sleep quality in breast cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.06.014","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation versus dexamethasone for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in breast surgery: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115785","article-title":"Acupuncture effect on brain default mode network connectivity in breast cancer patients with hot flashes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2025.2517737","article-title":"Acupuncture potentiates anti-PD-1 efficacy by promoting CD5(+) dendritic cells and T cell-mediated tumor immunity in a mouse model of breast cancer","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.62347\/YXHG6188","article-title":"Effects of warming needle moxibustion on postoperative rehabilitation, pain degree, immune function, and upper limb lymphedema in patients with breast cancer undergoing radical mastectomy","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1521388","article-title":"Analysis of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in TNBC cell-cell interactions","volume":"16","author":"Xin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500737","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine on treatment of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.821663","article-title":"The research progress of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in HER-2-positive breast cancer treatment","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117401","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide enhances antitumoral effects of chimeric antigen receptor- engineered (CAR) T cells by increasing CD122(+)CXCR3(+)PD-1(-) memory T cells","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1512683","article-title":"Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in solid tumor responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors for personalized therapeutic strategies: a review","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02006-2","article-title":"Immunometabolism in cancer: basic mechanisms and new targeting strategy","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1706379\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:26:53Z","timestamp":1768458413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1706379\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":181,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1706379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1706379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"article-number":"1706379"}}