{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:33:22Z","timestamp":1767335602319,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection and factors associated with sexual activity among men who have sex with men (MSM) can dysregulate relationships between the gut microbiome and immune system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore these relationships in depth, blood and colonic biopsy samples from HIV+ and HIV- MSM and non-MSM were analyzed using Cytometry by Time of Flight (CyTOF). Immune profiles were then integrated with gut microbiome composition and MSM-related behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection status influenced immune cell composition in colonic biopsies, marked by a loss of CD4\u207a CD103\u207a and CD8\u207aCD103\u207a tissue-resident T cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). In the blood, HIV status was linked to reductions in circulating group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and na\u00efve CD8\u207a T cells, while mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were reduced in MSM engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors regardless of HIV status. Network analysis revealed distinct, tissue-specific relationships between immune cell populations and gut microbial taxa, further shaped by both HIV infection and MSM-associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide new insights into host:microbe interactions, with implications for immune regulation, HIV persistence, and transmission among MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1707736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:37Z","timestamp":1767335317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiome composition influences immunologic alterations in the blood and gut of HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charles Preston","family":"Neff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Lippincott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kvaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy 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