{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:57:04Z","timestamp":1788173824099,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Despite ongoing mass drug administration efforts, the disease remains a major public health burden in endemic regions. A better understanding of early host responses to schistosomiasis is critical for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a longitudinal transcriptomic study of peripheral blood samples from 30\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      -na\u00efve volunteers participating in two controlled human infection trials with male- or female-only\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      cercariae. Blood was collected at six time points over 20 weeks post-infection. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing and integrative analyses, including differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, protein interaction networks, co-expression clustering, and immune module profiling, were employed to characterize temporal modulation of genes related to immune responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Robust and highly time-dependent transcriptional responses were observed, peaking at Week 4 post-infection. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses revealed activation of immune responses, including type I and II interferon signaling, chemokine-mediated pathways, and antigen presentation. Notably, both Th1 and Th2 signatures were evident at Week 4. Key immune hubs included\n                      <jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TNF<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      , along with transcriptional regulators such as\n                      <jats:italic>STAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IRF7<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Blood transcription module analysis further highlighted transient activation of interferon and plasma cell-related responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides a comprehensive transcriptional map of early host responses to\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in humans. The findings underscore the central role of interferon pathways, early mixed Th1\/Th2 polarization, and inflammation-associated gene signatures in shaping host response to\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. These insights may inform the rational design of vaccines and biomarkers for schistosomiasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1707749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:26:28Z","timestamp":1765866388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal modulation of gene expression in a controlled Schistosoma mansoni human infection model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dawei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma 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