{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T22:48:18Z","timestamp":1788043698842,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Acute lung injury (ALI), frequently triggered by sepsis, is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality, particularly in critically ill or elderly individuals. Xuanqing Hefa formula (XQHF) has been clinically applied to alleviate ALI by reducing pulmonary inflammation; however, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of XQHF on sepsis-induced ALI using both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models, and to explore its potential mechanisms of action.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multiple active constituents of XQHF were identified using UPLC-MS\/MS. To investigate the therapeutic potential of XQHF against sepsis-induced lung injury, a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model was established in mice, while an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      pyroptosis model was developed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Nigericin (Nig) stimulation in Immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDMs). The protective effects of XQHF were evaluated through seven-day survival analysis, histopathological examination of lung tissue, pulmonary wet-to-dry weight ratio assessment (W\/D), and quantification of total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, inflammatory responses and cellular injury were assessed via ELISA, oxidative stress assays, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and immunofluorescence staining. The anti-pyroptotic effects of XQHF were further elucidated using western blotting and flow cytometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrated that XQHF significantly preserved lung tissue architecture by attenuating both inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, thereby improving the survival rate of septic mice. At the molecular level, XQHF inhibited the expression of key pyroptosis-related proteins. Similar protective effects were observed in the LPS + Nigericin-induced pyroptosis model in iBMDMs, where XQHF also reduced apoptosis. Confocal microscopy further confirmed that XQHF markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that the therapeutic effects of XQHF may be attributed to the synergistic actions of its multiple active constituents, which collectively suppress the inflammatory cascade and attenuate pyroptosis, thereby alleviating lung injury. Furthermore, both\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments demonstrated that XQHF modulates sepsis-induced acute lung injury, at least in part, through the inhibition of the NLRP3\/Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis signaling pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1709586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:55:42Z","timestamp":1770108942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Xuanqing Hefa formula relieves sepsis-triggered acute lung injury by targeting the NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pyroptosis mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"National Medical Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xucheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"National Medical Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second People's Hospital of Jingzhou","place":["Jingzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianfen","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongren Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tongren, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"National Medical Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2403213","article-title":"Sepsis and septic shock. 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