{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:17:32Z","timestamp":1787671052049,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis and predispositions underlying long COVID (long-term coronavirus disease 2019) remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this, we analyzed the immunological landscapes of 44 patients with long COVID and 44 matched convalescents using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and validated the findings with plasma cytokine measurements via Luminex technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While the immune cell compositions showed minimal quantitative differences only among natural killer (NK) cells, the transcriptome analyses identified distinct gene expression patterns, particularly in classical monocytes: patients with long COVID exhibited downregulation of the inflammation-associated genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Imputation of the transcription factor activity hinted at a reduced inflammasome activity (via\n                      <jats:italic>SNAI1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and an impaired monocyte differentiation (via\n                      <jats:italic>ATF2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in long COVID. The RNA velocity data supported the presence of immature classical monocytes in these patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings show that monocytes might be dysregulated and\/or exhausted in patients with long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:23:46Z","timestamp":1762496626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transcriptome analysis of classical blood cells reveals downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in the classical monocytes of long COVID patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Fricke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wossidlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Steinbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Bergmann-Ewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Kordt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil C.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"M\u00fcller-Hilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-023-2797-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and therapeutics of COVID-19: A review","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07418-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ssentongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 | Guidance | NICE (18.12.2020)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00904-7","article-title":"The immunology of long COVID","volume":"23","author":"Altmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature reviews. 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